1
00:00:03,030 --> 00:00:01,670
my opinion they're not going to detect

2
00:00:05,110 --> 00:00:03,040
the dark matter

3
00:00:11,190 --> 00:00:05,120
because it doesn't exist

4
00:00:15,190 --> 00:00:13,190
i'm here with professor john moffett

5
00:00:17,910 --> 00:00:15,200
part of what i'm doing with this channel

6
00:00:19,990 --> 00:00:17,920
as well as this documentary is to

7
00:00:22,150 --> 00:00:20,000
place people who i think

8
00:00:23,029 --> 00:00:22,160
have gotten not as much press as they

9
00:00:24,470 --> 00:00:23,039
should

10
00:00:25,590 --> 00:00:24,480
you've heard of lee smallin you heard

11
00:00:27,189 --> 00:00:25,600
you've heard of eric weinstein

12
00:00:28,950 --> 00:00:27,199
especially from the intellectual dark

13
00:00:30,870 --> 00:00:28,960
web you've heard of sabine hostenfelder

14
00:00:32,549 --> 00:00:30,880
because of her youtube channel but not

15
00:00:34,470 --> 00:00:32,559
many people have heard at least in the

16
00:00:35,830 --> 00:00:34,480
public have heard of john moffitt and he

17
00:00:38,229 --> 00:00:35,840
deserves

18
00:00:40,869 --> 00:00:38,239
just as much credit he's

19
00:00:42,709 --> 00:00:40,879
put out quite a few theories and not

20
00:00:45,030 --> 00:00:42,719
many people put out even one theory they

21
00:00:47,270 --> 00:00:45,040
usually develop an existing theory

22
00:00:48,709 --> 00:00:47,280
so i'm super excited to meet with john

23
00:00:50,150 --> 00:00:48,719
in person

24
00:00:51,910 --> 00:00:50,160
john how are you doing

25
00:00:53,590 --> 00:00:51,920
very good thank you

26
00:00:54,790 --> 00:00:53,600
let's hear about your modified theory of

27
00:00:58,069 --> 00:00:54,800
gravity

28
00:01:01,349 --> 00:00:58,950
this

29
00:01:02,950 --> 00:01:01,359
non-symmetric theory which i

30
00:01:05,350 --> 00:01:02,960
worked on

31
00:01:06,469 --> 00:01:05,360
uh i decided that the anti-symmetric

32
00:01:08,149 --> 00:01:06,479
part

33
00:01:10,950 --> 00:01:08,159
of this

34
00:01:13,270 --> 00:01:10,960
metric sensor

35
00:01:14,630 --> 00:01:13,280
was not the electrolytic field

36
00:01:16,390 --> 00:01:14,640
it was

37
00:01:18,550 --> 00:01:16,400
additional degrees of

38
00:01:20,950 --> 00:01:18,560
freedom for gravity

39
00:01:23,429 --> 00:01:20,960
it was part of the gravitational

40
00:01:24,230 --> 00:01:23,439
field okay

41
00:01:26,710 --> 00:01:24,240
and

42
00:01:28,710 --> 00:01:26,720
so i called it the non-symmetric

43
00:01:31,910 --> 00:01:28,720
gravitational theory

44
00:01:33,190 --> 00:01:31,920
now comes the first acronym ngt

45
00:01:34,950 --> 00:01:33,200
let me just break this down for the

46
00:01:37,030 --> 00:01:34,960
audience quickly so in general

47
00:01:38,310 --> 00:01:37,040
relativity of the two tensor as i was

48
00:01:41,270 --> 00:01:38,320
saying before then you have the

49
00:01:42,950 --> 00:01:41,280
symmetric it's it's a symmetric tensor

50
00:01:44,789 --> 00:01:42,960
but any tensor can be broken up into

51
00:01:46,630 --> 00:01:44,799
symmetric and an anti-symmetric part you

52
00:01:48,630 --> 00:01:46,640
can decompose it much like you can with

53
00:01:50,630 --> 00:01:48,640
coordinates there's an x and y

54
00:01:52,310 --> 00:01:50,640
or if you know about principal bundles

55
00:01:53,990 --> 00:01:52,320
there's a horizontal vertical part so

56
00:01:55,190 --> 00:01:54,000
you can decompose so you can decompose

57
00:01:57,109 --> 00:01:55,200
and tensor into symmetric and

58
00:01:58,870 --> 00:01:57,119
anti-symmetric part anti-symmetric part

59
00:02:00,709 --> 00:01:58,880
is just zero in the einstein field

60
00:02:02,550 --> 00:02:00,719
equations

61
00:02:04,550 --> 00:02:02,560
typically

62
00:02:06,230 --> 00:02:04,560
and what moffitt is working on or was

63
00:02:07,910 --> 00:02:06,240
working on was realizing that this

64
00:02:09,109 --> 00:02:07,920
anti-symmetric part which einstein also

65
00:02:10,070 --> 00:02:09,119
tried to work on

66
00:02:12,869 --> 00:02:10,080
is not

67
00:02:14,309 --> 00:02:12,879
doesn't represent electromagnetism which

68
00:02:15,990 --> 00:02:14,319
is why i signed through it out because

69
00:02:17,430 --> 00:02:16,000
he was trying to make it fit

70
00:02:20,390 --> 00:02:17,440
you're like wait maybe it's not

71
00:02:21,190 --> 00:02:20,400
electromagnetism but it's something else

72
00:02:24,309 --> 00:02:21,200
okay

73
00:02:26,790 --> 00:02:24,319
and you can correct me if i'm incorrect

74
00:02:27,670 --> 00:02:26,800
very good perfect perfect

75
00:02:30,550 --> 00:02:27,680
um

76
00:02:32,070 --> 00:02:30,560
that's a succinct description

77
00:02:33,190 --> 00:02:32,080
um

78
00:02:35,430 --> 00:02:33,200
so

79
00:02:37,670 --> 00:02:35,440
i publish the paper

80
00:02:39,830 --> 00:02:37,680
in physical review

81
00:02:42,150 --> 00:02:39,840
1979

82
00:02:44,790 --> 00:02:42,160
called the new theory of gravitation

83
00:02:47,030 --> 00:02:44,800
what you do is in theoretical physics is

84
00:02:50,630 --> 00:02:47,040
the following

85
00:02:52,229 --> 00:02:50,640
you have an idea

86
00:02:55,910 --> 00:02:52,239
as

87
00:02:57,750 --> 00:02:55,920
richard feynman said you guessed an idea

88
00:02:59,910 --> 00:02:57,760
now i'm going to discuss how we would

89
00:03:01,589 --> 00:02:59,920
look for a new law

90
00:03:05,350 --> 00:03:01,599
in general we look for new law by the

91
00:03:07,670 --> 00:03:05,360
following process first we guess it

92
00:03:10,229 --> 00:03:07,680
then we can well don't let that's really

93
00:03:13,030 --> 00:03:10,239
true and okay you have this idea it

94
00:03:15,030 --> 00:03:13,040
takes seconds to have the idea okay

95
00:03:16,710 --> 00:03:15,040
but then you

96
00:03:19,030 --> 00:03:16,720
have to formulate it

97
00:03:21,670 --> 00:03:19,040
in terms of a mathematical

98
00:03:24,149 --> 00:03:21,680
system mathematical equations

99
00:03:26,229 --> 00:03:24,159
okay so you do that and you have to be

100
00:03:27,990 --> 00:03:26,239
self-consistent

101
00:03:30,390 --> 00:03:28,000
and then

102
00:03:33,750 --> 00:03:30,400
you have to

103
00:03:36,789 --> 00:03:33,760
test it against experiment

104
00:03:37,670 --> 00:03:36,799
and it's three phases

105
00:03:39,910 --> 00:03:37,680
and

106
00:03:41,830 --> 00:03:39,920
the latter part the third phase is very

107
00:03:43,589 --> 00:03:41,840
important

108
00:03:45,910 --> 00:03:43,599
because you have to know whether it's

109
00:03:47,990 --> 00:03:45,920
correct or not experimentally it's

110
00:03:50,630 --> 00:03:48,000
physics you're doing physics not just

111
00:03:53,190 --> 00:03:50,640
mathematics

112
00:03:57,509 --> 00:03:56,550
if it's not doesn't fit the data

113
00:04:00,390 --> 00:03:57,519
then

114
00:04:02,070 --> 00:04:00,400
you throw away that guess that idea

115
00:04:04,390 --> 00:04:02,080
and you

116
00:04:05,429 --> 00:04:04,400
start some other idea

117
00:04:07,190 --> 00:04:05,439
or you

118
00:04:09,750 --> 00:04:07,200
quit

119
00:04:10,789 --> 00:04:09,760
and this is how physics is done

120
00:04:11,990 --> 00:04:10,799
so

121
00:04:16,710 --> 00:04:12,000
uh

122
00:04:20,150 --> 00:04:18,789
verifying this non-symmetric gravity

123
00:04:23,189 --> 00:04:20,160
it's not easy

124
00:04:24,710 --> 00:04:23,199
doing experimental gravity physics is is

125
00:04:26,550 --> 00:04:24,720
difficult

126
00:04:30,950 --> 00:04:26,560
of course i had to agree with einstein's

127
00:04:32,710 --> 00:04:30,960
two of gravity that's the first

128
00:04:34,629 --> 00:04:32,720
necessary

129
00:04:35,749 --> 00:04:34,639
thing to find

130
00:04:38,230 --> 00:04:35,759
is correct

131
00:04:40,710 --> 00:04:38,240
if it doesn't agree with it presently

132
00:04:43,749 --> 00:04:40,720
solar experimental data for example

133
00:04:44,870 --> 00:04:43,759
then this the whole thing is off

134
00:04:50,870 --> 00:04:44,880
so

135
00:04:53,270 --> 00:04:50,880
um

136
00:04:55,270 --> 00:04:53,280
people criticized it too just you have

137
00:04:56,950 --> 00:04:55,280
to have criticism physics is a very

138
00:04:59,030 --> 00:04:56,960
conservative business

139
00:05:03,590 --> 00:04:59,040
you do not change the paradigm in

140
00:05:08,310 --> 00:05:05,749
and it's the paradigm shift is usually

141
00:05:10,710 --> 00:05:08,320
driven by experimental physics

142
00:05:12,950 --> 00:05:10,720
some the presence theory

143
00:05:14,390 --> 00:05:12,960
so-called standard theory by the way i

144
00:05:16,950 --> 00:05:14,400
don't like that i won't stand it but

145
00:05:20,310 --> 00:05:16,960
anyway standard theory

146
00:05:22,710 --> 00:05:20,320
uh doesn't agree with some data

147
00:05:25,029 --> 00:05:22,720
or a theory comes forward that predicts

148
00:05:27,350 --> 00:05:25,039
makes a prediction

149
00:05:30,710 --> 00:05:28,870
your theory

150
00:05:32,390 --> 00:05:30,720
fits the data that prediction fits but

151
00:05:36,230 --> 00:05:32,400
the older theory doesn't

152
00:05:39,029 --> 00:05:37,670
and

153
00:05:50,550 --> 00:05:39,039
so

154
00:05:53,909 --> 00:05:50,560
1980s i had students working on

155
00:05:55,670 --> 00:05:53,919
and uh for example i had neil cornish

156
00:05:56,950 --> 00:05:55,680
graduation

157
00:05:59,110 --> 00:05:56,960
who um

158
00:06:00,390 --> 00:05:59,120
was from australia

159
00:06:03,430 --> 00:06:00,400
and uh

160
00:06:07,350 --> 00:06:03,440
he's now professor

161
00:06:11,350 --> 00:06:08,710
he's found

162
00:06:12,710 --> 00:06:11,360
curry senior professor the

163
00:06:15,189 --> 00:06:12,720
head of a

164
00:06:17,029 --> 00:06:15,199
gravity gravitational

165
00:06:20,790 --> 00:06:17,039
physics group

166
00:06:25,670 --> 00:06:23,270
so we we worked on this and

167
00:06:27,350 --> 00:06:25,680
i had a potential solution

168
00:06:28,629 --> 00:06:27,360
for a black hole which did not have a

169
00:06:31,110 --> 00:06:28,639
horizon

170
00:06:35,909 --> 00:06:33,270
and uh

171
00:06:38,070 --> 00:06:35,919
using your modifier using this modified

172
00:06:40,710 --> 00:06:38,080
theory a black hole with no horizon

173
00:06:42,790 --> 00:06:40,720
that's right uh cornish applied for a

174
00:06:43,990 --> 00:06:42,800
position at cambridge university

175
00:06:45,749 --> 00:06:44,000
to be a

176
00:06:49,990 --> 00:06:45,759
hawking's assistant stephen hawking's

177
00:06:53,670 --> 00:06:50,000
assistant and he became his assistant

178
00:06:55,749 --> 00:06:53,680
it's quite funny story because uh

179
00:06:57,670 --> 00:06:55,759
as neil told me later

180
00:06:59,589 --> 00:06:57,680
he was sitting in

181
00:07:02,629 --> 00:06:59,599
one of the rooms of the

182
00:07:04,710 --> 00:07:02,639
department of applied mathematics

183
00:07:05,990 --> 00:07:04,720
a silver street cambridge where hawking

184
00:07:09,110 --> 00:07:06,000
was

185
00:07:10,550 --> 00:07:09,120
and uh he's looking at the blackboard at

186
00:07:13,270 --> 00:07:10,560
a blackboard

187
00:07:15,749 --> 00:07:13,280
and he suddenly hears this voice

188
00:07:18,150 --> 00:07:15,759
computer voice

189
00:07:20,710 --> 00:07:18,160
ah so you're neil cornish

190
00:07:22,230 --> 00:07:20,720
so you don't believe in black holes i

191
00:07:25,589 --> 00:07:22,240
believe

192
00:07:35,510 --> 00:07:27,029
so

193
00:07:38,070 --> 00:07:35,520
i started that then i started doing in

194
00:07:39,510 --> 00:07:38,080
particle physics again and left it for a

195
00:07:42,309 --> 00:07:39,520
while

196
00:07:45,270 --> 00:07:42,319
i worked on unified theory again and

197
00:07:47,909 --> 00:07:45,280
with another graduate student david ball

198
00:07:50,469 --> 00:07:47,919
who ended up as a professor simon

199
00:07:52,390 --> 00:07:50,479
friends university british columbia he

200
00:07:55,830 --> 00:07:52,400
was chair actually of the department at

201
00:07:58,469 --> 00:07:55,840
one point david ball b-o-l

202
00:08:01,029 --> 00:07:58,479
and also with gabor constanta

203
00:08:03,110 --> 00:08:01,039
who became professor and dean

204
00:08:05,909 --> 00:08:03,120
of science at the

205
00:08:07,430 --> 00:08:05,919
university of winnipeg in manitoba

206
00:08:10,070 --> 00:08:07,440
uh we worked on

207
00:08:12,150 --> 00:08:10,080
that stuff and but uh there was no clear

208
00:08:13,029 --> 00:08:12,160
experimental evidence that could prove

209
00:08:15,350 --> 00:08:13,039
it

210
00:08:18,150 --> 00:08:15,360
you have to have one piece of experiment

211
00:08:20,070 --> 00:08:18,160
of some some prediction

212
00:08:21,510 --> 00:08:20,080
something that you have in your theory

213
00:08:24,150 --> 00:08:21,520
that cannot be

214
00:08:26,550 --> 00:08:24,160
fitted by the other theories

215
00:08:29,189 --> 00:08:26,560
this is very difficult this doesn't

216
00:08:31,830 --> 00:08:29,199
happen often in physics

217
00:08:33,190 --> 00:08:31,840
um maxwell's prediction

218
00:08:34,550 --> 00:08:33,200
that light has to move as an

219
00:08:36,469 --> 00:08:34,560
electrically wave

220
00:08:38,829 --> 00:08:36,479
with the speed of light

221
00:08:41,269 --> 00:08:38,839
is a prediction

222
00:08:42,630 --> 00:08:41,279
which hurts

223
00:08:44,630 --> 00:08:42,640
perhaps the

224
00:08:46,949 --> 00:08:44,640
physicist brought

225
00:08:49,990 --> 00:08:46,959
experimentally to be correct this is a

226
00:08:51,350 --> 00:08:50,000
remarkable result the iraq is dirac

227
00:08:54,630 --> 00:08:51,360
equation

228
00:08:58,949 --> 00:08:54,640
quantum field theory and quantum

229
00:09:01,350 --> 00:08:58,959
mechanics relativistic quantum physics

230
00:09:03,829 --> 00:09:01,360
and predicted antimatter

231
00:09:07,509 --> 00:09:03,839
when they went and looked for antimatter

232
00:09:10,550 --> 00:09:07,519
and anderson caltech found in 1932 this

233
00:09:11,509 --> 00:09:10,560
is a an amazing prediction see

234
00:09:13,750 --> 00:09:11,519
so

235
00:09:15,829 --> 00:09:13,760
theref this happens a few times in

236
00:09:19,269 --> 00:09:15,839
physics

237
00:09:23,430 --> 00:09:19,279
einstein's theory of general relativity

238
00:09:26,710 --> 00:09:23,440
had to pass the solar system experiments

239
00:09:29,190 --> 00:09:26,720
and then bending light of course 1.57

240
00:09:30,230 --> 00:09:29,200
or five arc seconds

241
00:09:32,790 --> 00:09:30,240
uh

242
00:09:34,470 --> 00:09:32,800
bending of light by the sun

243
00:09:36,630 --> 00:09:34,480
um

244
00:09:38,550 --> 00:09:36,640
the first two eclipse experiments were

245
00:09:41,350 --> 00:09:38,560
not all that great actually

246
00:09:43,990 --> 00:09:41,360
and time had to go on before we had a

247
00:09:47,030 --> 00:09:44,000
really confirmation of the bending of

248
00:09:49,670 --> 00:09:47,040
light prediction by einstein

249
00:09:51,430 --> 00:09:49,680
and uh the period advance of mercury

250
00:09:52,550 --> 00:09:51,440
this is the

251
00:09:55,030 --> 00:09:52,560
uh

252
00:09:56,790 --> 00:09:55,040
the rosetta precession

253
00:09:59,430 --> 00:09:56,800
of mercury's orbit

254
00:10:01,430 --> 00:09:59,440
mercury is the planet closest to the sun

255
00:10:03,509 --> 00:10:01,440
and it presets into the written shape

256
00:10:04,949 --> 00:10:03,519
some set of shape

257
00:10:07,829 --> 00:10:04,959
which

258
00:10:09,590 --> 00:10:07,839
confounded newtonian gravity

259
00:10:11,590 --> 00:10:09,600
where does your modified theory come in

260
00:10:13,430 --> 00:10:11,600
so i had to fit all this

261
00:10:16,150 --> 00:10:13,440
with my modified theory

262
00:10:20,870 --> 00:10:19,670
i got interested in dark matter

263
00:10:22,550 --> 00:10:20,880
because

264
00:10:23,430 --> 00:10:22,560
there was beginning to be interest in

265
00:10:27,990 --> 00:10:23,440
the

266
00:10:29,509 --> 00:10:28,000
very reuben astronomers of women

267
00:10:30,829 --> 00:10:29,519
astronomer

268
00:10:33,190 --> 00:10:30,839
and

269
00:10:35,990 --> 00:10:33,200
fought colleague

270
00:10:38,389 --> 00:10:36,000
did exp observations of uh

271
00:10:41,670 --> 00:10:38,399
rotation curves of galaxies

272
00:10:44,150 --> 00:10:41,680
if you observe doppler shifts

273
00:10:45,190 --> 00:10:44,160
uh light coming and going blue shifting

274
00:10:46,870 --> 00:10:45,200
richard

275
00:10:49,430 --> 00:10:46,880
and from these observations you can

276
00:10:50,710 --> 00:10:49,440
determine

277
00:10:53,750 --> 00:10:50,720
how fast

278
00:10:56,470 --> 00:10:53,760
stars are moving around in the galaxy

279
00:10:58,470 --> 00:10:56,480
in a galaxy

280
00:11:00,630 --> 00:10:58,480
and they found

281
00:11:02,790 --> 00:11:00,640
with great surprise that the

282
00:11:05,750 --> 00:11:02,800
stars were moving faster than could be

283
00:11:09,590 --> 00:11:05,760
accounted for by newtonian gravity

284
00:11:11,190 --> 00:11:09,600
the if you plot the rotation curve

285
00:11:12,790 --> 00:11:11,200
of the speed

286
00:11:16,550 --> 00:11:12,800
velocity

287
00:11:19,190 --> 00:11:16,560
vertical axis versus the distance

288
00:11:21,910 --> 00:11:19,200
of the size of the star from the center

289
00:11:25,910 --> 00:11:21,920
are equal to zero radially

290
00:11:27,670 --> 00:11:25,920
then the curve comes up and flattens out

291
00:11:28,870 --> 00:11:27,680
whereas you're touring gravity predicts

292
00:11:31,430 --> 00:11:28,880
that it

293
00:11:33,509 --> 00:11:31,440
should fall off okay and it's quite a

294
00:11:34,870 --> 00:11:33,519
six times

295
00:11:37,030 --> 00:11:34,880
the difference the difference between

296
00:11:38,790 --> 00:11:37,040
the touring gravity and this flat

297
00:11:40,870 --> 00:11:38,800
rotation curve experimentally

298
00:11:44,550 --> 00:11:40,880
observationally it's it's a factor of

299
00:11:46,710 --> 00:11:44,560
six and that's confined to a galaxy

300
00:11:48,069 --> 00:11:46,720
that's what happens in our galaxy

301
00:11:49,509 --> 00:11:48,079
and

302
00:11:51,269 --> 00:11:49,519
well the reason i'm saying that is

303
00:11:53,670 --> 00:11:51,279
because we're gravitationally pulled by

304
00:11:55,190 --> 00:11:53,680
some other galaxy so if that curve

305
00:11:57,269 --> 00:11:55,200
extended out

306
00:11:59,350 --> 00:11:57,279
extremely far then we should be spinning

307
00:12:01,590 --> 00:11:59,360
you get back to your toeing gravity you

308
00:12:03,750 --> 00:12:01,600
must do it go as you go out towards

309
00:12:05,590 --> 00:12:03,760
infinity

310
00:12:07,190 --> 00:12:05,600
so so it flattens out and then comes

311
00:12:09,590 --> 00:12:07,200
back down again

312
00:12:11,350 --> 00:12:09,600
so this intrigued me because

313
00:12:13,590 --> 00:12:11,360
einstein gravity

314
00:12:16,710 --> 00:12:13,600
contains newtonian gravity and we

315
00:12:18,310 --> 00:12:16,720
effectively use newtonian gravity for

316
00:12:20,710 --> 00:12:18,320
galaxies because the gravitational field

317
00:12:22,829 --> 00:12:20,720
is weak

318
00:12:25,030 --> 00:12:22,839
all

319
00:12:27,750 --> 00:12:25,040
experiments um

320
00:12:30,150 --> 00:12:27,760
on gravity after weak gravitational

321
00:12:32,150 --> 00:12:30,160
fields the solar system

322
00:12:33,509 --> 00:12:32,160
is weak gravity

323
00:12:35,350 --> 00:12:33,519
except for

324
00:12:39,990 --> 00:12:35,360
neutron stars

325
00:12:42,389 --> 00:12:40,000
einstein newton doesn't work dark matter

326
00:12:44,310 --> 00:12:42,399
what is this so

327
00:12:46,470 --> 00:12:44,320
in the 70s

328
00:12:48,470 --> 00:12:46,480
that the first

329
00:12:50,710 --> 00:12:48,480
astronomer to

330
00:12:52,710 --> 00:12:50,720
to note this problem was

331
00:12:54,550 --> 00:12:52,720
she it's ricky

332
00:12:57,110 --> 00:12:54,560
in 1933

333
00:12:58,949 --> 00:12:57,120
swiss astronomer rather eccentric

334
00:13:01,590 --> 00:12:58,959
character he has his name on virtually

335
00:13:03,509 --> 00:13:01,600
every aspect of physics he

336
00:13:05,350 --> 00:13:03,519
did some calculations for

337
00:13:08,550 --> 00:13:05,360
what are called clusters these are

338
00:13:10,790 --> 00:13:08,560
clutters of galaxies not stars

339
00:13:12,949 --> 00:13:10,800
galaxies containing stars and these

340
00:13:15,509 --> 00:13:12,959
clusters are huge

341
00:13:17,269 --> 00:13:15,519
and uh he found that what's by what's

342
00:13:18,150 --> 00:13:17,279
called the variable theorem

343
00:13:20,629 --> 00:13:18,160
that they

344
00:13:23,269 --> 00:13:20,639
if you use newtonian gravity

345
00:13:24,710 --> 00:13:23,279
they can't be stable they have to

346
00:13:27,750 --> 00:13:24,720
blow apart

347
00:13:29,350 --> 00:13:27,760
gravity is not sufficiently strong to

348
00:13:30,389 --> 00:13:29,360
maintain

349
00:13:33,030 --> 00:13:30,399
uh

350
00:13:34,629 --> 00:13:33,040
equilibrium stability

351
00:13:36,949 --> 00:13:34,639
so he said well there's got to be extra

352
00:13:40,230 --> 00:13:36,959
better dark matter

353
00:13:41,430 --> 00:13:40,240
and that's it already 1933

354
00:13:44,230 --> 00:13:41,440
and so on

355
00:13:46,629 --> 00:13:44,240
but no one paid much attention to it

356
00:13:48,949 --> 00:13:46,639
but that because of vera ruben and the

357
00:13:50,949 --> 00:13:48,959
problem with the galaxies now things

358
00:13:53,750 --> 00:13:50,959
became serious

359
00:13:55,110 --> 00:13:53,760
and uh more and more attention was paid

360
00:13:59,030 --> 00:13:55,120
to

361
00:14:01,030 --> 00:13:59,990
it's

362
00:14:02,870 --> 00:14:01,040
to me

363
00:14:04,310 --> 00:14:02,880
in my opinion one of the major problems

364
00:14:05,990 --> 00:14:04,320
of modern physics

365
00:14:09,430 --> 00:14:06,000
because due to the

366
00:14:13,110 --> 00:14:09,440
standard cosmology which i will get into

367
00:14:16,389 --> 00:14:13,120
the standard cosmological model

368
00:14:19,829 --> 00:14:16,399
dark matter plays an essential role 85

369
00:14:22,389 --> 00:14:19,839
86 percent of all matter

370
00:14:23,990 --> 00:14:22,399
is dark matter according to

371
00:14:26,949 --> 00:14:24,000
fitting the data

372
00:14:28,790 --> 00:14:26,959
cosmological data

373
00:14:30,870 --> 00:14:28,800
um

374
00:14:31,750 --> 00:14:30,880
so

375
00:14:35,189 --> 00:14:31,760
after

376
00:14:38,069 --> 00:14:35,199
decades of effort

377
00:14:40,629 --> 00:14:38,079
and large sums of money

378
00:14:42,790 --> 00:14:40,639
millions billions of dollars

379
00:14:44,310 --> 00:14:42,800
one experiment after another

380
00:14:45,829 --> 00:14:44,320
they've been looking for dark matter

381
00:14:47,829 --> 00:14:45,839
particles

382
00:14:50,310 --> 00:14:47,839
and no one can detect them no one has

383
00:14:53,350 --> 00:14:50,320
detected them

384
00:14:54,710 --> 00:14:53,360
so what does this mean

385
00:14:57,829 --> 00:14:54,720
um

386
00:14:59,590 --> 00:14:57,839
it i tend i'd call it potentially the

387
00:15:02,790 --> 00:14:59,600
modern ether

388
00:15:04,310 --> 00:15:02,800
because ether was accepted as being

389
00:15:05,829 --> 00:15:04,320
a fact

390
00:15:07,750 --> 00:15:05,839
at the end of the

391
00:15:09,990 --> 00:15:07,760
19th century

392
00:15:12,230 --> 00:15:10,000
beginning of the 20th century it was a

393
00:15:13,509 --> 00:15:12,240
fact because you had to have electronic

394
00:15:15,750 --> 00:15:13,519
waves

395
00:15:17,509 --> 00:15:15,760
move some through some medium

396
00:15:19,430 --> 00:15:17,519
like sound moves through

397
00:15:22,310 --> 00:15:19,440
air as a medium

398
00:15:23,910 --> 00:15:22,320
maximum believed in ether

399
00:15:25,590 --> 00:15:23,920
and

400
00:15:28,710 --> 00:15:25,600
so what does your modified theory of

401
00:15:31,509 --> 00:15:28,720
gravity say about dark matter so i

402
00:15:33,110 --> 00:15:31,519
decided to

403
00:15:34,949 --> 00:15:33,120
say that um

404
00:15:38,949 --> 00:15:34,959
that they like this mark of the

405
00:15:42,389 --> 00:15:38,959
anti-symmetric part of my gravity theory

406
00:15:45,110 --> 00:15:42,399
what's the part of gravity

407
00:15:47,910 --> 00:15:45,120
that modifies gravity

408
00:15:49,590 --> 00:15:47,920
without matter you see

409
00:15:50,949 --> 00:15:49,600
because the first modification of

410
00:15:53,670 --> 00:15:50,959
gravity

411
00:15:57,030 --> 00:15:53,680
a serious modification

412
00:15:58,870 --> 00:15:57,040
was isaac newton was uh albert einstein

413
00:16:02,470 --> 00:15:58,880
who modified isaac newton's

414
00:16:05,910 --> 00:16:02,480
gravitational theory published in 18

415
00:16:07,189 --> 00:16:05,920
in 1687 in the pricipia

416
00:16:09,430 --> 00:16:07,199
and

417
00:16:11,030 --> 00:16:09,440
so i'm modifying einstein okay i mean

418
00:16:13,350 --> 00:16:11,040
that's

419
00:16:15,269 --> 00:16:13,360
einstein is failing

420
00:16:18,069 --> 00:16:15,279
newtonian and einstein crowd are failing

421
00:16:20,389 --> 00:16:18,870
describe this

422
00:16:26,310 --> 00:16:20,399
[Applause]

423
00:16:31,350 --> 00:16:28,069
but

424
00:16:34,790 --> 00:16:31,360
one is always agnostic in physics

425
00:16:38,230 --> 00:16:34,800
if you can find the dark matter

426
00:16:40,470 --> 00:16:38,240
next month these huge experiments

427
00:16:42,470 --> 00:16:40,480
that are still ongoing

428
00:16:46,310 --> 00:16:42,480
trying to detect what's called whims

429
00:16:48,150 --> 00:16:46,320
weakly interacting massive particles

430
00:16:49,910 --> 00:16:48,160
if they find that it fits in and they

431
00:16:51,350 --> 00:16:49,920
can explain the rotation curves of the

432
00:16:54,310 --> 00:16:51,360
galaxies

433
00:16:56,230 --> 00:16:54,320
then forget about modified gravity

434
00:16:57,269 --> 00:16:56,240
einstein's theory gravity is a beautiful

435
00:16:58,310 --> 00:16:57,279
theory

436
00:16:59,749 --> 00:16:58,320
it fits

437
00:17:01,910 --> 00:16:59,759
the data

438
00:17:03,829 --> 00:17:01,920
and that's it

439
00:17:05,669 --> 00:17:03,839
but in my opinion they're not going to

440
00:17:07,750 --> 00:17:05,679
detect the dark matter

441
00:17:12,069 --> 00:17:07,760
because it doesn't exist

442
00:17:14,309 --> 00:17:13,270
so

443
00:17:16,829 --> 00:17:14,319
uh

444
00:17:20,309 --> 00:17:16,839
so i published papers

445
00:17:22,069 --> 00:17:20,319
uh doing this identifying this

446
00:17:23,750 --> 00:17:22,079
anti-symmetric

447
00:17:27,429 --> 00:17:23,760
part with

448
00:17:29,510 --> 00:17:27,439
as a new degree of freedom and gravity

449
00:17:31,430 --> 00:17:29,520
so that i could fit the galaxy rotation

450
00:17:36,070 --> 00:17:31,440
curves the flattening of the curves

451
00:17:39,430 --> 00:17:36,080
without dark matter and i did okay

452
00:17:41,110 --> 00:17:39,440
and i published a paper in 1995

453
00:17:42,310 --> 00:17:41,120
physics letters b

454
00:17:45,110 --> 00:17:42,320
doing this

455
00:17:48,950 --> 00:17:47,190
astronomers complain because

456
00:17:50,710 --> 00:17:48,960
non-symmetric gravity theory is

457
00:17:52,870 --> 00:17:50,720
complicated

458
00:17:54,710 --> 00:17:52,880
and they don't astronomers don't like

459
00:17:56,310 --> 00:17:54,720
this complication

460
00:17:57,750 --> 00:17:56,320
so i said all right i'll produce a

461
00:18:01,350 --> 00:17:57,760
simpler version

462
00:18:03,190 --> 00:18:01,360
so i produce what's called

463
00:18:05,990 --> 00:18:03,200
mstg

464
00:18:07,669 --> 00:18:06,000
magic skew symmetry gravity than your

465
00:18:09,190 --> 00:18:07,679
previous version and so taking the

466
00:18:13,590 --> 00:18:09,200
previous version

467
00:18:17,669 --> 00:18:15,750
and when you say it's simpler

468
00:18:19,029 --> 00:18:17,679
well it's it's

469
00:18:20,310 --> 00:18:19,039
what are you sacrificing for the

470
00:18:22,630 --> 00:18:20,320
simplicity

471
00:18:25,110 --> 00:18:22,640
i'm sacrificing a lot of the

472
00:18:28,549 --> 00:18:25,120
mathematical mathematics

473
00:18:30,870 --> 00:18:28,559
i made it into a simpler version

474
00:18:34,549 --> 00:18:30,880
by means of uh throwing out a lot of the

475
00:18:35,430 --> 00:18:34,559
complicated non-linear mathematics okay

476
00:18:38,070 --> 00:18:35,440
so

477
00:18:39,350 --> 00:18:38,080
the way that i'm imagining it is like a

478
00:18:41,430 --> 00:18:39,360
taylor expansion you just take the

479
00:18:43,110 --> 00:18:41,440
linear part and just remove that exactly

480
00:18:44,630 --> 00:18:43,120
right okay

481
00:18:46,950 --> 00:18:44,640
so then

482
00:18:49,669 --> 00:18:46,960
i've published papers with this on top

483
00:18:51,350 --> 00:18:49,679
meta i simplified it again because this

484
00:18:52,789 --> 00:18:51,360
drawing book started with still

485
00:18:55,750 --> 00:18:52,799
completing it

486
00:18:57,909 --> 00:18:55,760
so i i'll say okay i'll make it simpler

487
00:19:01,029 --> 00:18:57,919
so now we're down to scalar tensor

488
00:19:02,230 --> 00:19:01,039
vector gravity as tvg

489
00:19:04,310 --> 00:19:02,240
and uh

490
00:19:05,990 --> 00:19:04,320
this consisted of taking einstein's

491
00:19:08,070 --> 00:19:06,000
theory you've got to have einstein's

492
00:19:10,870 --> 00:19:08,080
theory as a base

493
00:19:12,230 --> 00:19:10,880
otherwise it's just not going to work

494
00:19:14,470 --> 00:19:12,240
when you say you have it as a base you

495
00:19:17,029 --> 00:19:14,480
mean you derive it in a limit like

496
00:19:19,110 --> 00:19:17,039
newton's driving exactly you have to do

497
00:19:20,549 --> 00:19:19,120
that einstein was

498
00:19:21,909 --> 00:19:20,559
confounded

499
00:19:25,029 --> 00:19:21,919
by the fact that he couldn't get

500
00:19:27,510 --> 00:19:25,039
newtonian gravity over a period of a

501
00:19:29,669 --> 00:19:27,520
year or two and he gave up at one point

502
00:19:31,270 --> 00:19:29,679
but then he went back in with with

503
00:19:33,590 --> 00:19:31,280
grossmont and

504
00:19:35,270 --> 00:19:33,600
and uh eventually they got around to

505
00:19:38,950 --> 00:19:35,280
getting what's called the poisson

506
00:19:41,270 --> 00:19:38,960
equation and utorine gravity has a limit

507
00:19:42,789 --> 00:19:41,280
natural limit of ice dichroid so i had

508
00:19:43,750 --> 00:19:42,799
to have this

509
00:19:48,630 --> 00:19:43,760
so

510
00:19:51,029 --> 00:19:48,640
theory where

511
00:19:54,789 --> 00:19:51,039
i need a stronger gravity

512
00:19:57,510 --> 00:19:54,799
so i made big g i call it big g

513
00:20:00,390 --> 00:19:57,520
newton's constant i made it a variable

514
00:20:05,270 --> 00:20:00,400
constant interesting and

515
00:20:08,549 --> 00:20:05,280
following what paul directed in 1938

516
00:20:11,430 --> 00:20:08,559
proceeds are all society

517
00:20:13,350 --> 00:20:11,440
in nature about nature article you also

518
00:20:14,950 --> 00:20:13,360
have a variable speed of light is that

519
00:20:16,470 --> 00:20:14,960
tied to the variables that's another

520
00:20:18,549 --> 00:20:16,480
theory

521
00:20:21,830 --> 00:20:18,559
so um

522
00:20:23,510 --> 00:20:21,840
by the way the photon of gravity the

523
00:20:25,830 --> 00:20:23,520
quantum

524
00:20:28,549 --> 00:20:25,840
the photons he quotes

525
00:20:31,510 --> 00:20:28,559
is the graviton

526
00:20:33,430 --> 00:20:31,520
the graviton is is the

527
00:20:36,149 --> 00:20:33,440
quantum particle that

528
00:20:39,270 --> 00:20:36,159
is exchanged between

529
00:20:42,710 --> 00:20:39,280
particles meta particles and produces

530
00:20:45,510 --> 00:20:42,720
newtonian gravity or einstein gravity

531
00:20:47,669 --> 00:20:45,520
okay in electrodynamics

532
00:20:50,070 --> 00:20:47,679
maxwell's electrode is a relativistic

533
00:20:52,070 --> 00:20:50,080
inversion of masochera

534
00:20:55,029 --> 00:20:52,080
the photon is exchanged between

535
00:20:56,149 --> 00:20:55,039
electrons to produce the coulomb force

536
00:20:58,470 --> 00:20:56,159
okay

537
00:21:00,710 --> 00:20:58,480
so therefore graviton is a photon no

538
00:21:02,470 --> 00:21:00,720
one's ever detected a graviton and

539
00:21:05,990 --> 00:21:02,480
probably no one ever will

540
00:21:11,350 --> 00:21:08,149
he would take the whole galaxy as an

541
00:21:14,310 --> 00:21:11,360
accelerator to detect a graviton as

542
00:21:17,190 --> 00:21:14,320
freeman tyson said

543
00:21:18,870 --> 00:21:17,200
if you have a big enough mass

544
00:21:20,789 --> 00:21:18,880
to to uh

545
00:21:23,350 --> 00:21:20,799
detect the graviton that mass would

546
00:21:25,830 --> 00:21:23,360
collapse to apply

547
00:21:27,590 --> 00:21:25,840
anyway that's the theory okay the crappy

548
00:21:29,190 --> 00:21:27,600
time so

549
00:21:32,870 --> 00:21:29,200
so here i have

550
00:21:34,950 --> 00:21:32,880
the metric tensor field of einstein

551
00:21:37,190 --> 00:21:34,960
and then i have a new degree of frame

552
00:21:42,870 --> 00:21:37,200
the vector field

553
00:21:45,750 --> 00:21:42,880
spin one graviton or a symmetric tensor

554
00:21:47,190 --> 00:21:45,760
t u corresponds to a spent spin two

555
00:21:49,270 --> 00:21:47,200
graviton

556
00:21:51,990 --> 00:21:49,280
so i complete

557
00:21:53,750 --> 00:21:52,000
gravity with an extra graviton it's been

558
00:21:56,630 --> 00:21:53,760
one graviton

559
00:21:58,390 --> 00:21:56,640
and this vector fear is sourced by meta

560
00:21:59,830 --> 00:21:58,400
by mass

561
00:22:02,950 --> 00:21:59,840
okay

562
00:22:05,830 --> 00:22:02,960
so the electromagnetic potential

563
00:22:07,270 --> 00:22:05,840
amu of maxwell's equations is sourced by

564
00:22:10,070 --> 00:22:07,280
electric charge

565
00:22:11,669 --> 00:22:10,080
my vector field is sourced by mass

566
00:22:13,029 --> 00:22:11,679
to slight

567
00:22:16,070 --> 00:22:13,039
einstein's

568
00:22:19,750 --> 00:22:16,080
metric theory field theories field is

569
00:22:22,789 --> 00:22:19,760
sourced by meta by density of matter

570
00:22:25,990 --> 00:22:22,799
so that's affected to the theory and

571
00:22:29,510 --> 00:22:26,000
i wrote it up and uh

572
00:22:31,990 --> 00:22:29,520
obviously in 2006

573
00:22:36,070 --> 00:22:33,669
eventually

574
00:22:39,590 --> 00:22:36,080
i started calling it mog modified

575
00:22:41,029 --> 00:22:39,600
clarity because it's

576
00:22:42,310 --> 00:22:41,039
moored at morikai

577
00:22:44,070 --> 00:22:42,320
milkrim

578
00:22:47,909 --> 00:22:44,080
in israel

579
00:22:52,070 --> 00:22:47,919
he was the first to publish a

580
00:22:55,270 --> 00:22:52,080
modification of newtonian gravity

581
00:22:57,750 --> 00:22:55,280
called mond modify newtonian dynamics

582
00:22:58,950 --> 00:22:57,760
right in 1983

583
00:23:02,710 --> 00:22:58,960
and he

584
00:23:04,870 --> 00:23:02,720
he's a pioneer i mean to do this because

585
00:23:08,310 --> 00:23:04,880
people were critical i mean you know

586
00:23:10,149 --> 00:23:08,320
modify einstein gravity

587
00:23:11,669 --> 00:23:10,159
so um

588
00:23:14,789 --> 00:23:11,679
this is month

589
00:23:17,669 --> 00:23:14,799
but mine is a non-relativistic

590
00:23:19,029 --> 00:23:17,679
formula it's not relativistic it's just

591
00:23:22,149 --> 00:23:19,039
a modification it's a modification

592
00:23:27,029 --> 00:23:22,159
newtonian gravity and it's based on

593
00:23:33,270 --> 00:23:30,549
a sub zero a for acceleration

594
00:23:37,110 --> 00:23:33,280
and a zero a sub zero it makes it

595
00:23:38,549 --> 00:23:37,120
special with as rotation and this is a

596
00:23:41,750 --> 00:23:38,559
number list

597
00:23:44,789 --> 00:23:41,760
it's uh one point two times ten to the

598
00:23:46,870 --> 00:23:44,799
minus power tends to the power minus ten

599
00:23:49,350 --> 00:23:46,880
meters per second squared this is the

600
00:23:50,950 --> 00:23:49,360
unit of acceleration that's mind even if

601
00:23:53,190 --> 00:23:50,960
mont had correct predictions it would

602
00:23:54,789 --> 00:23:53,200
still be incomplete because how does it

603
00:23:56,630 --> 00:23:54,799
comport with the general relativity

604
00:23:58,149 --> 00:23:56,640
would be the open question

605
00:24:00,549 --> 00:23:58,159
because

606
00:24:01,950 --> 00:24:00,559
people attempted to

607
00:24:05,110 --> 00:24:01,960
generalize this

608
00:24:07,110 --> 00:24:05,120
non-relativistic phenological formula

609
00:24:11,510 --> 00:24:07,120
a simple formula by the way astronomers

610
00:24:18,149 --> 00:24:13,990
astronomers like the simple matter yeah

611
00:24:21,510 --> 00:24:18,159
so it's a high score level formula okay

612
00:24:25,269 --> 00:24:23,190
i don't want it's not a sense i mean my

613
00:24:27,029 --> 00:24:25,279
sense of humor is

614
00:24:29,990 --> 00:24:27,039
but hey i've

615
00:24:35,190 --> 00:24:30,000
i call it marx you sort of mind them

616
00:24:40,789 --> 00:24:39,029
but uh this is silly but um

617
00:24:44,070 --> 00:24:40,799
mark it's it's important it's called

618
00:24:46,390 --> 00:24:44,080
mark because it's modified gravity

619
00:24:49,029 --> 00:24:46,400
right as opposed to modifying newtonian

620
00:24:51,029 --> 00:24:49,039
dynamics

621
00:24:53,510 --> 00:24:51,039
so you've got to have general route

622
00:24:55,269 --> 00:24:53,520
you've got to have general relativity

623
00:24:57,029 --> 00:24:55,279
okay so the big question everyone wants

624
00:24:58,470 --> 00:24:57,039
to know and the experimentalists who are

625
00:24:59,669 --> 00:24:58,480
watching this is do you make predictions

626
00:25:01,430 --> 00:24:59,679
that agree

627
00:25:05,430 --> 00:25:01,440
with the data okay

628
00:25:08,470 --> 00:25:05,440
so back to this three phases of physics

629
00:25:11,909 --> 00:25:08,480
have an idea guess it

630
00:25:13,669 --> 00:25:11,919
mathematical formulation http

631
00:25:16,070 --> 00:25:13,679
you publish it

632
00:25:18,870 --> 00:25:16,080
now comes what i call

633
00:25:20,710 --> 00:25:18,880
i call it physics his imagination in a

634
00:25:22,630 --> 00:25:20,720
straight jacket

635
00:25:24,870 --> 00:25:22,640
imagination the idea

636
00:25:27,590 --> 00:25:24,880
the straight jacket is experimental

637
00:25:30,149 --> 00:25:27,600
physics can you agree with experimental

638
00:25:33,590 --> 00:25:30,159
physics can you predict something that

639
00:25:37,110 --> 00:25:33,600
the other people can't fit

640
00:25:39,269 --> 00:25:37,120
it's hard that's why physics is so hard

641
00:25:40,149 --> 00:25:39,279
because

642
00:25:44,390 --> 00:25:40,159
it

643
00:25:46,789 --> 00:25:44,400
when i paint uh i still paint

644
00:25:49,909 --> 00:25:46,799
um there's no criteria you have to match

645
00:25:51,269 --> 00:25:49,919
no i you i paint my i don't think

646
00:25:53,510 --> 00:25:51,279
it's all left

647
00:25:54,630 --> 00:25:53,520
it's all right brain more or less your

648
00:25:56,549 --> 00:25:54,640
feelings

649
00:25:57,909 --> 00:25:56,559
color composition

650
00:26:00,070 --> 00:25:57,919
so i finish

651
00:26:01,830 --> 00:26:00,080
put it up on the wall

652
00:26:03,350 --> 00:26:01,840
and you either like it or you don't like

653
00:26:05,110 --> 00:26:03,360
it you know i don't have to prove

654
00:26:06,390 --> 00:26:05,120
anything i don't have to prove the

655
00:26:07,750 --> 00:26:06,400
painting

656
00:26:09,430 --> 00:26:07,760
you see

657
00:26:12,149 --> 00:26:09,440
it's not physiological i don't want to

658
00:26:13,590 --> 00:26:12,159
prove it just if you don't like it well

659
00:26:15,430 --> 00:26:13,600
okay

660
00:26:16,390 --> 00:26:15,440
maybe you like this painting

661
00:26:20,070 --> 00:26:16,400
but

662
00:26:22,230 --> 00:26:20,080
in physics the test is to experiment

663
00:26:24,070 --> 00:26:22,240
and this is what makes physics so hard

664
00:26:25,750 --> 00:26:24,080
it's very challenging that's why i like

665
00:26:26,789 --> 00:26:25,760
it okay

666
00:26:29,750 --> 00:26:26,799
so

667
00:26:30,950 --> 00:26:29,760
uh okay moving forward

668
00:26:33,269 --> 00:26:30,960
um

669
00:26:35,750 --> 00:26:33,279
one paper after another

670
00:26:39,350 --> 00:26:35,760
i've been publishing papers now

671
00:26:41,750 --> 00:26:39,360
for 14 years htt stvg was published in

672
00:26:45,510 --> 00:26:41,760
2006.

673
00:26:50,070 --> 00:26:49,029
i published a pair long paper

674
00:26:52,630 --> 00:26:50,080
on

675
00:26:55,669 --> 00:26:52,640
mark black holes because i found a buy

676
00:26:58,230 --> 00:26:55,679
all solution okay

677
00:26:59,590 --> 00:26:58,240
and i call them marked black holes i

678
00:27:00,789 --> 00:26:59,600
call them

679
00:27:04,870 --> 00:27:00,799
schwarzschild

680
00:27:07,830 --> 00:27:04,880
mog fly holes or car multiply holder my

681
00:27:09,430 --> 00:27:07,840
former collaborator and friend

682
00:27:11,190 --> 00:27:09,440
from trinity

683
00:27:14,310 --> 00:27:11,200
and uh

684
00:27:16,710 --> 00:27:14,320
there's been a lot of i've lost track

685
00:27:18,710 --> 00:27:16,720
how many papers are published on more

686
00:27:20,630 --> 00:27:18,720
play halls oh okay great because one of

687
00:27:22,789 --> 00:27:20,640
my questions was what's the reception

688
00:27:25,430 --> 00:27:22,799
like from the physics community

689
00:27:28,149 --> 00:27:25,440
i i've there must be i don't know i'm

690
00:27:30,470 --> 00:27:28,159
guessing 50 60 papers

691
00:27:34,549 --> 00:27:30,480
that's a lot of citations

692
00:27:40,870 --> 00:27:37,750
i'm up to something like 6000 seven

693
00:27:43,750 --> 00:27:40,880
thousand citations holy moly yeah

694
00:27:46,070 --> 00:27:43,760
there's something called research gate

695
00:27:48,230 --> 00:27:46,080
which is a portal

696
00:27:50,710 --> 00:27:48,240
he was right on that so i'm up to

697
00:27:53,029 --> 00:27:50,720
something like eleven thousand uh

698
00:27:53,990 --> 00:27:53,039
readerships holy moly

699
00:27:55,029 --> 00:27:54,000
yeah

700
00:27:58,149 --> 00:27:55,039
so

701
00:28:01,029 --> 00:27:58,159
a lot of people know me from my physics

702
00:28:05,990 --> 00:28:03,269
this paper i just sent you just from

703
00:28:08,149 --> 00:28:06,000
chinese from china published yesterday

704
00:28:10,389 --> 00:28:08,159
it's owned on the archive it'll be

705
00:28:12,389 --> 00:28:10,399
published eventually it's a very

706
00:28:16,310 --> 00:28:12,399
very good paper

707
00:28:18,310 --> 00:28:16,320
because i published in my big paper on

708
00:28:20,870 --> 00:28:18,320
mark black halls

709
00:28:21,990 --> 00:28:20,880
published the european physical journal

710
00:28:25,510 --> 00:28:22,000
c

711
00:28:26,190 --> 00:28:25,520
and this is a major european journal

712
00:28:27,750 --> 00:28:26,200
in

713
00:28:31,350 --> 00:28:27,760
2016

714
00:28:32,310 --> 00:28:31,360
and subsequent papers

715
00:28:40,549 --> 00:28:32,320
i

716
00:28:43,269 --> 00:28:40,559
for an object

717
00:28:45,510 --> 00:28:43,279
which may not have horizons

718
00:28:48,389 --> 00:28:45,520
and it's regular it does not have any

719
00:28:51,190 --> 00:28:48,399
singularity at the center

720
00:28:52,870 --> 00:28:51,200
it's completely regular

721
00:28:55,190 --> 00:28:52,880
interesting

722
00:28:57,029 --> 00:28:55,200
but it's close to having a horizon

723
00:28:59,029 --> 00:28:57,039
because there's a critical

724
00:29:02,470 --> 00:28:59,039
in in the development there's a free

725
00:29:06,389 --> 00:29:04,789
in the mathematics of the

726
00:29:10,070 --> 00:29:06,399
the metric

727
00:29:13,029 --> 00:29:10,080
describing my marked black hole

728
00:29:14,470 --> 00:29:13,039
and this offers a deviation parameter it

729
00:29:16,549 --> 00:29:14,480
deviates

730
00:29:17,830 --> 00:29:16,559
the theory from einstein

731
00:29:21,590 --> 00:29:17,840
black holes

732
00:29:22,710 --> 00:29:21,600
the size of alpha when alpha zero

733
00:29:25,510 --> 00:29:22,720
you get

734
00:29:28,230 --> 00:29:25,520
einstein by holes

735
00:29:31,750 --> 00:29:28,240
when half is not zero you don't okay

736
00:29:35,269 --> 00:29:33,990
black hole with a horizon

737
00:29:37,909 --> 00:29:35,279
actually

738
00:29:40,710 --> 00:29:37,919
my solution mock player always has two

739
00:29:42,870 --> 00:29:40,720
horizons

740
00:29:43,990 --> 00:29:42,880
and the parameters are just mass and

741
00:29:47,750 --> 00:29:44,000
spin

742
00:29:51,909 --> 00:29:47,760
and alpha three parameters that's it

743
00:29:56,149 --> 00:29:54,389
i published a

744
00:29:58,710 --> 00:29:56,159
no charge

745
00:30:00,070 --> 00:29:58,720
mass spin and alpha

746
00:30:02,630 --> 00:30:00,080
no charge

747
00:30:04,230 --> 00:30:02,640
no electric char by the way blind host

748
00:30:05,830 --> 00:30:04,240
astrophysical bodies do not have

749
00:30:09,590 --> 00:30:05,840
electric charge

750
00:30:12,230 --> 00:30:09,600
the electrical neutral because

751
00:30:13,669 --> 00:30:12,240
you have positive charge

752
00:30:16,149 --> 00:30:13,679
electrons and

753
00:30:18,230 --> 00:30:16,159
you have positive and negative charge

754
00:30:20,630 --> 00:30:18,240
clumps of charge right

755
00:30:23,430 --> 00:30:20,640
and they neutralize one another i mean

756
00:30:25,669 --> 00:30:23,440
this is this is electrically neutral all

757
00:30:27,510 --> 00:30:25,679
astrophysical borders are bodies are

758
00:30:29,990 --> 00:30:27,520
electrically neutral the sun is

759
00:30:33,110 --> 00:30:30,000
electrically neutral there may be a tiny

760
00:30:33,909 --> 00:30:33,120
amount of charge but it's negligible so

761
00:30:36,710 --> 00:30:33,919
has

762
00:30:38,470 --> 00:30:36,720
very little of any effect on the

763
00:30:40,470 --> 00:30:38,480
on space-time

764
00:30:43,029 --> 00:30:40,480
metric

765
00:30:45,590 --> 00:30:43,039
through max-einstein equations

766
00:30:46,870 --> 00:30:45,600
okay this is for astrophysics so black

767
00:30:48,470 --> 00:30:46,880
holes

768
00:30:51,029 --> 00:30:48,480
should be electrically neutral papers

769
00:30:54,310 --> 00:30:51,039
are published showing this is the case

770
00:30:59,029 --> 00:30:55,750
so

771
00:31:00,630 --> 00:30:59,039
they discharge their charge

772
00:31:03,190 --> 00:31:00,640
so

773
00:31:05,990 --> 00:31:03,200
this theory is just mass

774
00:31:09,110 --> 00:31:06,000
but mass is positive it doesn't have a

775
00:31:10,230 --> 00:31:09,120
negative counterpart there's no negative

776
00:31:11,990 --> 00:31:10,240
mass

777
00:31:13,830 --> 00:31:12,000
so there's no electric so-called

778
00:31:16,149 --> 00:31:13,840
equivalent of a dipole

779
00:31:19,029 --> 00:31:16,159
there's no mass dipole okay because you

780
00:31:21,510 --> 00:31:19,039
can't have a positive negative mass

781
00:31:22,870 --> 00:31:21,520
at two poles

782
00:31:25,510 --> 00:31:22,880
so um

783
00:31:27,110 --> 00:31:25,520
anyway so

784
00:31:28,710 --> 00:31:27,120
by the way if someone is interested and

785
00:31:30,549 --> 00:31:28,720
they have a pension for mathematics as

786
00:31:32,070 --> 00:31:30,559
well as physics and they want to learn

787
00:31:33,990 --> 00:31:32,080
about your theory do they just read the

788
00:31:35,669 --> 00:31:34,000
papers or do you have a book that you

789
00:31:37,350 --> 00:31:35,679
published much like there are books that

790
00:31:39,430 --> 00:31:37,360
introduce someone to general relativity

791
00:31:42,549 --> 00:31:39,440
from nothing no i haven't actually

792
00:31:47,029 --> 00:31:44,549
a text book on this

793
00:31:50,070 --> 00:31:47,039
i'm too busy working out the theory

794
00:31:52,870 --> 00:31:50,080
probably i i do these but this i just

795
00:31:54,630 --> 00:31:52,880
dictate them but doing a textbook is

796
00:31:55,830 --> 00:31:54,640
much more complicated

797
00:31:57,430 --> 00:31:55,840
because you have to deal with all the

798
00:32:00,549 --> 00:31:57,440
equations and this

799
00:32:01,350 --> 00:32:00,559
but eventually i hope to get a review

800
00:32:04,470 --> 00:32:01,360
but

801
00:32:05,669 --> 00:32:04,480
there was a review published by

802
00:32:07,909 --> 00:32:05,679
um

803
00:32:09,110 --> 00:32:07,919
daniela perez

804
00:32:11,430 --> 00:32:09,120
and

805
00:32:13,750 --> 00:32:11,440
gustaf romero

806
00:32:15,830 --> 00:32:13,760
there at the institute for physics in

807
00:32:17,590 --> 00:32:15,840
argentina

808
00:32:22,149 --> 00:32:17,600
and

809
00:32:27,110 --> 00:32:25,430
big review of what is my mod in a book

810
00:32:29,029 --> 00:32:27,120
what do you think of current theories of

811
00:32:30,549 --> 00:32:29,039
everything are they missing some key

812
00:32:32,389 --> 00:32:30,559
ingredient are they missing that they're

813
00:32:35,590 --> 00:32:32,399
trying to unify gr as it is and they're

814
00:32:37,990 --> 00:32:35,600
not unifying mog or is there something

815
00:32:40,549 --> 00:32:38,000
else that you feel like they're lacking

816
00:32:43,110 --> 00:32:40,559
okay well there's a long history to this

817
00:32:46,549 --> 00:32:43,120
we just talked about unified theory

818
00:32:48,070 --> 00:32:46,559
way back harman weil and albert einstein

819
00:32:50,389 --> 00:32:48,080
1918

820
00:32:51,509 --> 00:32:50,399
but um

821
00:32:53,269 --> 00:32:51,519
um

822
00:32:55,750 --> 00:32:53,279
yeah it's it's

823
00:32:57,750 --> 00:32:55,760
i don't i think there's loop there's m

824
00:32:59,590 --> 00:32:57,760
theory i'm happy with this

825
00:33:00,870 --> 00:32:59,600
this um

826
00:33:03,830 --> 00:33:00,880
toe

827
00:33:05,110 --> 00:33:03,840
the uh acronym tone yeah because

828
00:33:06,549 --> 00:33:05,120
what does it mean to have a theory of

829
00:33:10,630 --> 00:33:06,559
everything i mean

830
00:33:14,549 --> 00:33:10,640
university

831
00:33:15,590 --> 00:33:14,559
biochemistry chemistry consciousness

832
00:33:17,509 --> 00:33:15,600
i don't know

833
00:33:19,350 --> 00:33:17,519
what does it mean to have a theory every

834
00:33:21,029 --> 00:33:19,360
i don't understand what that means so

835
00:33:24,230 --> 00:33:21,039
you much prefer grand unified theory

836
00:33:26,549 --> 00:33:24,240
than told that's quran unified theory of

837
00:33:28,470 --> 00:33:26,559
grand unified theory

838
00:33:30,389 --> 00:33:28,480
somehow

839
00:33:31,669 --> 00:33:30,399
tied in with

840
00:33:33,110 --> 00:33:31,679
gravity

841
00:33:35,430 --> 00:33:33,120
have you had a chance to look at the

842
00:33:38,870 --> 00:33:35,440
eric weinstein video that i sent you

843
00:33:40,950 --> 00:33:38,880
yeah i didn't understand it

844
00:33:42,549 --> 00:33:40,960
you have to ask him about that what

845
00:33:46,549 --> 00:33:42,559
about stephen wolfram have you heard of

846
00:33:52,070 --> 00:33:48,950
i appreciate that they

847
00:33:53,909 --> 00:33:52,080
they both made a lot of money

848
00:33:56,149 --> 00:33:53,919
apparently

849
00:33:57,509 --> 00:33:56,159
eric einstein is

850
00:34:01,590 --> 00:33:57,519
manager of a

851
00:34:03,190 --> 00:34:01,600
ph fund net electron fund in new york

852
00:34:09,109 --> 00:34:03,200
so

853
00:34:11,909 --> 00:34:09,119
he has has fun with it

854
00:34:11,919 --> 00:34:14,149
but

855
00:34:18,950 --> 00:34:17,349
these theories have not been successful

856
00:34:20,790 --> 00:34:18,960
quantum gravity let's talk about that

857
00:34:22,869 --> 00:34:20,800
for a minute i thought because i

858
00:34:24,310 --> 00:34:22,879
published papers in corn and crevice

859
00:34:25,430 --> 00:34:24,320
i tried to publish in all of these

860
00:34:27,589 --> 00:34:25,440
things

861
00:34:28,550 --> 00:34:27,599
and so several papers actually over the

862
00:34:30,069 --> 00:34:28,560
years

863
00:34:31,510 --> 00:34:30,079
quite quite well

864
00:34:34,149 --> 00:34:31,520
cited actually

865
00:34:36,389 --> 00:34:34,159
i published one paper in 2000 called

866
00:34:38,389 --> 00:34:36,399
non-commutative content gravity which

867
00:34:40,869 --> 00:34:38,399
has many citations

868
00:34:43,510 --> 00:34:40,879
so you have the coordinates of space

869
00:34:46,389 --> 00:34:43,520
time not commuting by

870
00:34:47,750 --> 00:34:46,399
momentum and precision between quantum

871
00:34:49,190 --> 00:34:47,760
mechanics

872
00:34:51,589 --> 00:34:49,200
non-communicative

873
00:34:55,190 --> 00:34:51,599
non-commutative gravity yeah moffitt

874
00:34:59,589 --> 00:34:55,200
okay the problem with point of gravity

875
00:35:05,910 --> 00:35:02,710
okay let me repeat that there are no

876
00:35:08,710 --> 00:35:05,920
quantum gravity data

877
00:35:10,950 --> 00:35:08,720
and you can't do physics without data

878
00:35:12,390 --> 00:35:10,960
that is my main criticism

879
00:35:14,550 --> 00:35:12,400
there may be

880
00:35:16,630 --> 00:35:14,560
i mean i'm not saying there won't be

881
00:35:19,430 --> 00:35:16,640
perhaps of

882
00:35:20,630 --> 00:35:19,440
august 2020

883
00:35:22,710 --> 00:35:20,640
there are no

884
00:35:25,109 --> 00:35:22,720
let's put it this way

885
00:35:27,109 --> 00:35:25,119
the quantum field theory

886
00:35:30,630 --> 00:35:27,119
the feynman graphs

887
00:35:31,990 --> 00:35:30,640
describe what's going on relativistic

888
00:35:35,109 --> 00:35:32,000
cornfield theory

889
00:35:38,390 --> 00:35:35,119
so you have what's called tree graphs

890
00:35:39,270 --> 00:35:38,400
these are trees okay so you have a line

891
00:35:42,790 --> 00:35:39,280
here

892
00:35:44,710 --> 00:35:42,800
electrons and they

893
00:35:46,069 --> 00:35:44,720
interchange the photon which is a

894
00:35:48,470 --> 00:35:46,079
quickly line

895
00:35:50,710 --> 00:35:48,480
and it's just trees

896
00:35:52,390 --> 00:35:50,720
but that's classical

897
00:35:55,750 --> 00:35:52,400
electromagnetism is classical

898
00:35:58,390 --> 00:35:55,760
electrodynamics tree graphs

899
00:36:00,150 --> 00:35:58,400
so the quantum comes in with what's

900
00:36:03,109 --> 00:36:00,160
called loose

901
00:36:06,069 --> 00:36:03,119
so now you begin to take the lines and

902
00:36:07,750 --> 00:36:06,079
make them into loops close in on loops

903
00:36:09,910 --> 00:36:07,760
okay

904
00:36:13,109 --> 00:36:09,920
and these loops are the quantum

905
00:36:14,630 --> 00:36:13,119
corrections to the classical tree grass

906
00:36:20,310 --> 00:36:14,640
okay

907
00:36:23,190 --> 00:36:21,670
you have a

908
00:36:28,310 --> 00:36:23,200
neutron

909
00:36:30,470 --> 00:36:28,320
and they have mass

910
00:36:32,630 --> 00:36:30,480
so the mass

911
00:36:34,310 --> 00:36:32,640
uh causes the graviton to be

912
00:36:35,750 --> 00:36:34,320
interchanged

913
00:36:40,310 --> 00:36:35,760
between the two

914
00:36:42,390 --> 00:36:40,320
massive electrons or protons whatever

915
00:36:44,870 --> 00:36:42,400
and

916
00:36:47,829 --> 00:36:44,880
that's classical yeah i can then derive

917
00:36:49,510 --> 00:36:47,839
from that tree graph

918
00:36:51,750 --> 00:36:49,520
or graviton and

919
00:36:53,750 --> 00:36:51,760
two protons

920
00:36:57,910 --> 00:36:53,760
i can derive

921
00:37:00,150 --> 00:36:57,920
law of gravity one over square law

922
00:37:03,190 --> 00:37:00,160
dealing with getting general activities

923
00:37:08,069 --> 00:37:04,950
and

924
00:37:09,990 --> 00:37:08,079
the loops quantum gravity comes in when

925
00:37:11,910 --> 00:37:10,000
i form these loops

926
00:37:14,870 --> 00:37:11,920
which are proportional to planck's

927
00:37:16,310 --> 00:37:14,880
constant now now place constant comes in

928
00:37:18,790 --> 00:37:16,320
to the game

929
00:37:21,030 --> 00:37:18,800
and these are called self-energy loops

930
00:37:23,750 --> 00:37:21,040
so yeah they look graphs

931
00:37:26,630 --> 00:37:23,760
and there's no experiment

932
00:37:28,470 --> 00:37:26,640
that can determine these loop graphs

933
00:37:30,150 --> 00:37:28,480
none

934
00:37:31,349 --> 00:37:30,160
this is where the quantum gravity comes

935
00:37:33,349 --> 00:37:31,359
in

936
00:37:36,470 --> 00:37:33,359
so

937
00:37:38,550 --> 00:37:36,480
you construct a theory of gravity uh

938
00:37:39,349 --> 00:37:38,560
quantum gravity you know there are lots

939
00:37:43,750 --> 00:37:39,359
of

940
00:37:48,870 --> 00:37:46,950
take space time and make it into

941
00:37:51,670 --> 00:37:48,880
little pieces of atomic

942
00:37:52,630 --> 00:37:51,680
pieces lattices

943
00:37:54,310 --> 00:37:52,640
and

944
00:37:56,550 --> 00:37:54,320
you then try to

945
00:37:58,390 --> 00:37:56,560
get general relativity coming up

946
00:38:01,270 --> 00:37:58,400
emerging out of this

947
00:38:03,190 --> 00:38:01,280
spin that work and all that

948
00:38:05,030 --> 00:38:03,200
there's a

949
00:38:07,589 --> 00:38:05,040
string theory

950
00:38:10,550 --> 00:38:07,599
where you have these strings

951
00:38:12,470 --> 00:38:10,560
like uh violin strings

952
00:38:14,230 --> 00:38:12,480
and one of the strings is i spent two

953
00:38:15,589 --> 00:38:14,240
graviton

954
00:38:16,470 --> 00:38:15,599
so i did

955
00:38:18,550 --> 00:38:16,480
these

956
00:38:20,870 --> 00:38:18,560
strings fascinate

957
00:38:22,390 --> 00:38:20,880
and they're strings they're not points

958
00:38:24,230 --> 00:38:22,400
in space-time

959
00:38:25,829 --> 00:38:24,240
so your issue is that they're theorizing

960
00:38:27,670 --> 00:38:25,839
with no constraints because there's not

961
00:38:29,829 --> 00:38:27,680
much data yeah so

962
00:38:32,230 --> 00:38:29,839
strings there has to be formulated in 10

963
00:38:34,470 --> 00:38:32,240
dimensions or 11 otherwise it's not

964
00:38:37,829 --> 00:38:34,480
self-consistent

965
00:38:39,589 --> 00:38:37,839
and uh you have to have supersymmetry

966
00:38:41,829 --> 00:38:39,599
supersonity has to come in otherwise

967
00:38:43,190 --> 00:38:41,839
it's not self-consistent physically

968
00:38:44,470 --> 00:38:43,200
speaking what's the difference between

969
00:38:45,670 --> 00:38:44,480
being self-consistent and being

970
00:38:48,310 --> 00:38:45,680
consistent

971
00:38:49,829 --> 00:38:48,320
well for example you need

972
00:38:52,150 --> 00:38:49,839
more dimensions

973
00:38:54,790 --> 00:38:52,160
and strength theory otherwise the

974
00:38:57,109 --> 00:38:54,800
lorentz algebra doesn't close it's not

975
00:39:00,150 --> 00:38:57,119
lawrence invarian

976
00:39:03,109 --> 00:39:00,160
um it's because the string is a a

977
00:39:04,230 --> 00:39:03,119
surface it's not a point

978
00:39:06,790 --> 00:39:04,240
and

979
00:39:07,670 --> 00:39:06,800
so then i worked in string theory i once

980
00:39:10,069 --> 00:39:07,680
gave a

981
00:39:12,069 --> 00:39:10,079
course of summer lectures

982
00:39:14,870 --> 00:39:12,079
at the university of western ontario in

983
00:39:15,990 --> 00:39:14,880
london but for students and i published

984
00:39:18,310 --> 00:39:16,000
it actually

985
00:39:20,150 --> 00:39:18,320
and that turned me off straight theory

986
00:39:22,630 --> 00:39:20,160
in fact

987
00:39:25,190 --> 00:39:22,640
the claim is the string theory is finite

988
00:39:28,230 --> 00:39:25,200
to all orders of perturbation theory so

989
00:39:30,310 --> 00:39:28,240
you take my three grams and my loops you

990
00:39:32,710 --> 00:39:30,320
do what's called perturbation theory the

991
00:39:34,790 --> 00:39:32,720
loops have perturbations on the string

992
00:39:36,790 --> 00:39:34,800
on the tree graphs

993
00:39:38,790 --> 00:39:36,800
and the strength theory these loops are

994
00:39:39,910 --> 00:39:38,800
supposed to be finite

995
00:39:43,349 --> 00:39:39,920
whereas in

996
00:39:45,190 --> 00:39:43,359
standard quantum electronics are quite

997
00:39:47,190 --> 00:39:45,200
difficult they

998
00:39:49,589 --> 00:39:47,200
they lead to divergences so you have to

999
00:39:51,750 --> 00:39:49,599
re-normalize the loops

1000
00:39:53,829 --> 00:39:51,760
you know you have to take one

1001
00:39:59,910 --> 00:39:53,839
infinity and subtract it from another to

1002
00:40:05,349 --> 00:40:02,870
so these to gravities by the way gravity

1003
00:40:07,750 --> 00:40:05,359
is not only normalizable

1004
00:40:09,510 --> 00:40:07,760
this was proved by tuft

1005
00:40:10,630 --> 00:40:09,520
and development

1006
00:40:12,390 --> 00:40:10,640
and others

1007
00:40:14,870 --> 00:40:12,400
in the 70s

1008
00:40:17,109 --> 00:40:14,880
and this was a big problem

1009
00:40:18,230 --> 00:40:17,119
and so it doesn't behave like

1010
00:40:19,270 --> 00:40:18,240
other

1011
00:40:20,790 --> 00:40:19,280
standard

1012
00:40:22,550 --> 00:40:20,800
quantum field theories and particle

1013
00:40:24,470 --> 00:40:22,560
physics

1014
00:40:27,750 --> 00:40:24,480
and so it's not running on my

1015
00:40:29,109 --> 00:40:27,760
divergences you can't get rid of them

1016
00:40:29,990 --> 00:40:29,119
so

1017
00:40:31,430 --> 00:40:30,000
um

1018
00:40:32,870 --> 00:40:31,440
this is what loop current gravity's

1019
00:40:34,230 --> 00:40:32,880
supposed to deal with

1020
00:40:36,790 --> 00:40:34,240
and string theory is supposed to be

1021
00:40:38,310 --> 00:40:36,800
finite but i discovered that i wasn't

1022
00:40:39,750 --> 00:40:38,320
convinced that the string theory is

1023
00:40:41,589 --> 00:40:39,760
finite

1024
00:40:43,589 --> 00:40:41,599
i'm not there was never any rigorous

1025
00:40:44,950 --> 00:40:43,599
proof the street theory is finite still

1026
00:40:48,310 --> 00:40:44,960
it's mistake yeah

1027
00:40:51,430 --> 00:40:48,320
and so let's get to the phase three

1028
00:40:52,390 --> 00:40:51,440
what about testing these theories

1029
00:40:55,349 --> 00:40:52,400
well

1030
00:40:57,510 --> 00:40:55,359
strength is was a theory of everything's

1031
00:40:59,349 --> 00:40:57,520
supposedly a toe okay that's where the

1032
00:41:03,510 --> 00:40:59,359
acronym came from

1033
00:41:09,430 --> 00:41:06,870
it would written and so forth

1034
00:41:12,230 --> 00:41:09,440
and the 80s claim that this is the

1035
00:41:16,069 --> 00:41:12,240
the theory okay of everything

1036
00:41:16,079 --> 00:41:19,349
so

1037
00:41:22,950 --> 00:41:21,349
well

1038
00:41:24,069 --> 00:41:22,960
no one's ever detected a higher

1039
00:41:33,670 --> 00:41:24,079
dimension

1040
00:41:35,030 --> 00:41:33,680
just space-time clocks versus rights

1041
00:41:36,630 --> 00:41:35,040
and uh

1042
00:41:38,069 --> 00:41:36,640
okay so we've never seen our

1043
00:41:38,870 --> 00:41:38,079
identification

1044
00:41:40,630 --> 00:41:38,880
the

1045
00:41:41,510 --> 00:41:40,640
large hadron collider has looked for

1046
00:41:44,230 --> 00:41:41,520
them

1047
00:41:46,230 --> 00:41:44,240
for years and not find nothing

1048
00:41:49,190 --> 00:41:46,240
no experimental data

1049
00:41:51,670 --> 00:41:49,200
okay supersymmetry we need supersymmetry

1050
00:41:53,670 --> 00:41:51,680
to make the fermion sector our string

1051
00:41:55,190 --> 00:41:53,680
theory consistent

1052
00:41:57,430 --> 00:41:55,200
there are reasons why i'm saying

1053
00:41:58,630 --> 00:41:57,440
consistent but let's go on

1054
00:42:02,230 --> 00:41:58,640
um

1055
00:42:05,990 --> 00:42:02,240
so they've tested

1056
00:42:09,190 --> 00:42:06,000
for super symmetry for years let's see

1057
00:42:10,550 --> 00:42:09,200
we know super 70 doesn't exist

1058
00:42:14,069 --> 00:42:10,560
up to about

1059
00:42:18,150 --> 00:42:14,079
three tv three or four tv

1060
00:42:21,030 --> 00:42:18,160
and so it's got to exist below

1061
00:42:23,510 --> 00:42:21,040
one tv to really

1062
00:42:25,670 --> 00:42:23,520
solve a lot of supersymmetric problems

1063
00:42:28,870 --> 00:42:25,680
so that's all gone okay

1064
00:42:33,349 --> 00:42:28,880
there's no evidence for supersymmetry

1065
00:42:37,990 --> 00:42:33,359
so the large hadron collider is at 14 tv

1066
00:42:41,030 --> 00:42:38,000
uh well it's been working at 13 14 13 ta

1067
00:42:43,750 --> 00:42:41,040
and they hope to get it up to 14 tv with

1068
00:42:45,589 --> 00:42:43,760
i'm even beyond that

1069
00:42:47,190 --> 00:42:45,599
but you know it's a supersymmetric

1070
00:42:49,910 --> 00:42:47,200
particles keep getting heavier and

1071
00:42:52,309 --> 00:42:49,920
heavier and we can't detect them

1072
00:42:53,990 --> 00:42:52,319
so that's gone so what's left of string

1073
00:42:56,069 --> 00:42:54,000
theory okay

1074
00:42:57,430 --> 00:42:56,079
there's no experimental test of string

1075
00:42:59,589 --> 00:42:57,440
theory

1076
00:43:01,990 --> 00:42:59,599
that you could say well

1077
00:43:05,109 --> 00:43:02,000
this experiment's done

1078
00:43:06,870 --> 00:43:05,119
and it passes this test and no other

1079
00:43:07,750 --> 00:43:06,880
theory

1080
00:43:09,829 --> 00:43:07,760
no

1081
00:43:11,349 --> 00:43:09,839
theory without supersymmetry can fit

1082
00:43:13,190 --> 00:43:11,359
that data

1083
00:43:14,630 --> 00:43:13,200
doesn't exist

1084
00:43:16,710 --> 00:43:14,640
you modified gravity have you worked on

1085
00:43:19,190 --> 00:43:16,720
modifying qft

1086
00:43:19,990 --> 00:43:19,200
okay so another

1087
00:43:21,910 --> 00:43:20,000
i

1088
00:43:22,950 --> 00:43:21,920
understand the model

1089
00:43:25,510 --> 00:43:22,960
what i

1090
00:43:27,349 --> 00:43:25,520
why i formula alternatives it's not

1091
00:43:29,990 --> 00:43:27,359
because i'm trying to be a difficult

1092
00:43:31,589 --> 00:43:30,000
person i'm just curious about

1093
00:43:33,190 --> 00:43:31,599
how

1094
00:43:35,109 --> 00:43:33,200
um

1095
00:43:36,790 --> 00:43:35,119
stable how

1096
00:43:38,630 --> 00:43:36,800
true

1097
00:43:40,950 --> 00:43:38,640
the so-called standard model is how

1098
00:43:42,470 --> 00:43:40,960
robust is it

1099
00:43:44,390 --> 00:43:42,480
so that's why i

1100
00:43:45,430 --> 00:43:44,400
and also i'm

1101
00:43:47,670 --> 00:43:45,440
mentally

1102
00:43:49,829 --> 00:43:47,680
somewhat lazy i i can't just sit and

1103
00:43:52,230 --> 00:43:49,839
read someone's textbook

1104
00:43:53,030 --> 00:43:52,240
so in order to learn a theory

1105
00:43:54,950 --> 00:43:53,040
i

1106
00:43:57,270 --> 00:43:54,960
produce another theory

1107
00:43:59,910 --> 00:43:57,280
and through this i can't produce another

1108
00:44:02,309 --> 00:43:59,920
theory unless i really understand the

1109
00:44:04,950 --> 00:44:02,319
so-called standard model theory and that

1110
00:44:06,470 --> 00:44:04,960
makes me forces me to understand it so

1111
00:44:08,550 --> 00:44:06,480
this is a strange mental way of

1112
00:44:11,109 --> 00:44:08,560
proceeding but that's that's why that's

1113
00:44:12,790 --> 00:44:11,119
why all these alternatives come out

1114
00:44:16,950 --> 00:44:12,800
because i went trying to understand the

1115
00:44:20,630 --> 00:44:16,960
standard model by producing another one

1116
00:44:22,790 --> 00:44:20,640
and uh so the other moral is also strong

1117
00:44:26,550 --> 00:44:22,800
strong man woman so to speak you know i

1118
00:44:27,430 --> 00:44:26,560
can knock it down or make it look true

1119
00:44:29,109 --> 00:44:27,440
so

1120
00:44:31,190 --> 00:44:29,119
the way that i analogize it is that it

1121
00:44:32,309 --> 00:44:31,200
would be if as if someone can't watch

1122
00:44:35,990 --> 00:44:32,319
movies

1123
00:44:37,270 --> 00:44:36,000
like let me make my own movie and then i

1124
00:44:38,790 --> 00:44:37,280
gotta watch this movie and understand

1125
00:44:40,710 --> 00:44:38,800
how this director made it in order for

1126
00:44:42,710 --> 00:44:40,720
me to make mine and that's my actual

1127
00:44:43,829 --> 00:44:42,720
goal is to understand this director yes

1128
00:44:45,109 --> 00:44:43,839
that's right

1129
00:44:45,990 --> 00:44:45,119
exactly

1130
00:44:54,309 --> 00:44:46,000
so

1131
00:44:55,990 --> 00:44:54,319
i got

1132
00:44:57,750 --> 00:44:56,000
interested in the fact of the

1133
00:45:00,390 --> 00:44:57,760
normalization theory

1134
00:45:02,950 --> 00:45:00,400
so i mean i published papers on

1135
00:45:05,510 --> 00:45:02,960
on particle physics from the

1136
00:45:07,190 --> 00:45:05,520
after doing my phd

1137
00:45:09,430 --> 00:45:07,200
so i've been doing this for years i have

1138
00:45:12,230 --> 00:45:09,440
phd students working on just on particle

1139
00:45:15,030 --> 00:45:12,240
physics quark physics and everything

1140
00:45:17,190 --> 00:45:15,040
lots of i had 38 graduate students by

1141
00:45:19,430 --> 00:45:17,200
the way who did phds

1142
00:45:20,230 --> 00:45:19,440
that's quite a lot

1143
00:45:26,870 --> 00:45:20,240
so

1144
00:45:29,990 --> 00:45:26,880
can you develop

1145
00:45:33,670 --> 00:45:30,000
a theory which is ultra out of

1146
00:45:35,109 --> 00:45:33,680
ultraviolet complete uv complete

1147
00:45:37,190 --> 00:45:35,119
in other words

1148
00:45:39,829 --> 00:45:37,200
in standard core and filter these loops

1149
00:45:41,510 --> 00:45:39,839
i was talking about

1150
00:45:44,870 --> 00:45:41,520
they have divergences they're called

1151
00:45:46,710 --> 00:45:44,880
ultra to violet ultraviolet divergences

1152
00:45:48,870 --> 00:45:46,720
and they have to be cancelled using

1153
00:45:50,470 --> 00:45:48,880
renormalization theory

1154
00:45:52,550 --> 00:45:50,480
so you do what's called charge and

1155
00:45:55,109 --> 00:45:52,560
mastery normalization

1156
00:46:01,510 --> 00:45:57,829
iraq never liked renormalization theory

1157
00:46:03,990 --> 00:46:01,520
he thought it was it was unsatisfactory

1158
00:46:06,150 --> 00:46:04,000
it's rather artificial

1159
00:46:07,990 --> 00:46:06,160
you take one set of infinities and it

1160
00:46:09,510 --> 00:46:08,000
subtracts it from another

1161
00:46:11,670 --> 00:46:09,520
you know why do you have these

1162
00:46:12,950 --> 00:46:11,680
infinities in the first place

1163
00:46:15,270 --> 00:46:12,960
the firing

1164
00:46:17,670 --> 00:46:15,280
feynman and that in the 80s he was

1165
00:46:20,069 --> 00:46:17,680
interviewed he said he

1166
00:46:22,230 --> 00:46:20,079
he wasn't satisfied with normalization

1167
00:46:23,829 --> 00:46:22,240
theory even though he was one of the

1168
00:46:26,390 --> 00:46:23,839
inventors

1169
00:46:27,990 --> 00:46:26,400
with his uh nobel prize in coronary

1170
00:46:29,109 --> 00:46:28,000
arteries

1171
00:46:30,230 --> 00:46:29,119
and

1172
00:46:31,990 --> 00:46:30,240
so i

1173
00:46:32,950 --> 00:46:32,000
constructed a different quantum field

1174
00:46:36,309 --> 00:46:32,960
theory

1175
00:46:38,630 --> 00:46:36,319
and i use what's so instead of having

1176
00:46:40,470 --> 00:46:38,640
in in these graphs

1177
00:46:43,270 --> 00:46:40,480
you have

1178
00:46:46,069 --> 00:46:43,280
two graphs two lines

1179
00:46:49,109 --> 00:46:46,079
or three lines meeting at a point

1180
00:46:51,349 --> 00:46:49,119
it's called a vertex okay and that's

1181
00:46:53,349 --> 00:46:51,359
that's where these three particles

1182
00:46:55,750 --> 00:46:53,359
interact at the point

1183
00:46:59,430 --> 00:46:55,760
so in local corner field theory

1184
00:47:04,950 --> 00:47:01,109
and this point is

1185
00:47:07,829 --> 00:47:04,960
effectively described by delta function

1186
00:47:11,349 --> 00:47:07,839
that are invented by dirac by the way

1187
00:47:13,670 --> 00:47:11,359
we didn't like renormalization

1188
00:47:14,550 --> 00:47:13,680
and i as feyman already understood in

1189
00:47:18,550 --> 00:47:14,560
his

1190
00:47:19,510 --> 00:47:18,560
papers from 1947 1950

1191
00:47:21,750 --> 00:47:19,520
uh

1192
00:47:23,829 --> 00:47:21,760
this already there you already have a

1193
00:47:26,870 --> 00:47:23,839
problem as soon as you introduce the

1194
00:47:30,069 --> 00:47:26,880
delta function and the point

1195
00:47:32,230 --> 00:47:30,079
uh for the vitamin graphs

1196
00:47:33,510 --> 00:47:32,240
you get you get subversions

1197
00:47:34,710 --> 00:47:33,520
immediately

1198
00:47:36,470 --> 00:47:34,720
so

1199
00:47:38,550 --> 00:47:36,480
celtic function in mathematics is what's

1200
00:47:40,550 --> 00:47:38,560
called a distribution you know you get

1201
00:47:43,270 --> 00:47:40,560
into distribution theory

1202
00:47:44,950 --> 00:47:43,280
so i thought well

1203
00:47:47,750 --> 00:47:44,960
i'm going to give a different

1204
00:47:49,990 --> 00:47:47,760
distribution at a point so i use what's

1205
00:47:52,550 --> 00:47:50,000
called an entire function

1206
00:47:53,510 --> 00:47:52,560
in time functional mathematics entire

1207
00:47:57,349 --> 00:47:53,520
function

1208
00:47:59,190 --> 00:47:57,359
distribution has an infinite number of

1209
00:48:00,950 --> 00:47:59,200
derivatives

1210
00:48:05,190 --> 00:48:00,960
uh it has

1211
00:48:07,030 --> 00:48:05,200
in the complex momentum squared plane

1212
00:48:08,550 --> 00:48:07,040
it's different there are no waves there

1213
00:48:10,470 --> 00:48:08,560
are no poles

1214
00:48:13,670 --> 00:48:10,480
but there's a sensual singularity of

1215
00:48:15,910 --> 00:48:13,680
infinity that's the only singularity

1216
00:48:19,349 --> 00:48:15,920
so it's an infinite taylor series of

1217
00:48:22,630 --> 00:48:19,359
terrific taylor series of derivatives so

1218
00:48:25,990 --> 00:48:22,640
it's infinite derivative theory okay

1219
00:48:28,390 --> 00:48:26,000
and so i it becomes non-local

1220
00:48:31,109 --> 00:48:28,400
the operators become non-local

1221
00:48:33,910 --> 00:48:31,119
so i have a non-local field theory

1222
00:48:35,829 --> 00:48:33,920
but i stress that i've published this

1223
00:48:39,030 --> 00:48:35,839
that i proved that even though the

1224
00:48:41,349 --> 00:48:39,040
operator fields over here is non-local

1225
00:48:43,270 --> 00:48:41,359
the theory does not violate micro

1226
00:48:50,630 --> 00:48:43,280
causality

1227
00:48:51,430 --> 00:48:50,640
of um

1228
00:48:56,870 --> 00:48:51,440
two

1229
00:48:59,990 --> 00:48:56,880
and it's supposed to vanish with space

1230
00:49:02,069 --> 00:49:00,000
like separation outside the light column

1231
00:49:02,790 --> 00:49:02,079
and i proved that this is even though

1232
00:49:05,270 --> 00:49:02,800
the

1233
00:49:07,670 --> 00:49:05,280
field operators are non-local

1234
00:49:10,069 --> 00:49:07,680
they still have these vanishing

1235
00:49:12,710 --> 00:49:10,079
communities outside they like cone so

1236
00:49:14,150 --> 00:49:12,720
the theory is local is local even though

1237
00:49:17,030 --> 00:49:14,160
it's

1238
00:49:19,030 --> 00:49:17,040
called non-local

1239
00:49:20,950 --> 00:49:19,040
the actual result in the end is local

1240
00:49:23,910 --> 00:49:20,960
that's interesting so

1241
00:49:26,630 --> 00:49:23,920
i published a paper in 1989 physical

1242
00:49:28,470 --> 00:49:26,640
review long paper

1243
00:49:30,230 --> 00:49:28,480
doing this

1244
00:49:33,190 --> 00:49:30,240
and uh what's the reception from it

1245
00:49:35,829 --> 00:49:33,200
proved that it was finite to all others

1246
00:49:37,750 --> 00:49:35,839
it was unique true to all orders

1247
00:49:39,910 --> 00:49:37,760
and what's the reception been like okay

1248
00:49:42,829 --> 00:49:39,920
so richard wooden

1249
00:49:44,309 --> 00:49:42,839
uh i got to know him he's professor

1250
00:49:45,589 --> 00:49:44,319
university of

1251
00:49:47,270 --> 00:49:45,599
florida

1252
00:49:50,390 --> 00:49:47,280
at gainesville

1253
00:49:51,910 --> 00:49:50,400
uh this was 1990. so he came up to

1254
00:49:54,470 --> 00:49:51,920
toronto

1255
00:49:55,910 --> 00:49:54,480
to give some lectures i invited him up

1256
00:49:58,549 --> 00:49:55,920
he said what are you doing i said

1257
00:50:00,870 --> 00:49:58,559
non-local field theory what

1258
00:50:02,710 --> 00:50:00,880
he said well that can't work

1259
00:50:05,589 --> 00:50:02,720
i said well

1260
00:50:06,710 --> 00:50:05,599
i'm publishing this paper so

1261
00:50:08,230 --> 00:50:06,720
so uh

1262
00:50:09,910 --> 00:50:08,240
six weeks later

1263
00:50:14,230 --> 00:50:09,920
in comes

1264
00:50:17,670 --> 00:50:16,470
saying i've had epiphany

1265
00:50:19,030 --> 00:50:17,680
epiphany

1266
00:50:21,990 --> 00:50:19,040
i think this is

1267
00:50:24,790 --> 00:50:22,000
really interesting let's collaborate so

1268
00:50:27,109 --> 00:50:24,800
we collaborated with uh myself

1269
00:50:27,829 --> 00:50:27,119
and his student

1270
00:50:30,549 --> 00:50:27,839
and

1271
00:50:32,790 --> 00:50:30,559
my student my postdoc

1272
00:50:36,309 --> 00:50:32,800
and

1273
00:50:38,549 --> 00:50:36,319
review

1274
00:50:40,950 --> 00:50:38,559
where we did coin related dynamics from

1275
00:50:42,710 --> 00:50:40,960
start to finish

1276
00:50:43,910 --> 00:50:42,720
everything

1277
00:50:46,069 --> 00:50:43,920
and

1278
00:50:50,069 --> 00:50:46,079
proved that the theory is unitary to all

1279
00:50:52,829 --> 00:50:50,079
these s matrix its units of orders

1280
00:50:56,710 --> 00:50:52,839
all the perturbation loops of finite

1281
00:50:59,030 --> 00:50:56,720
orders and the tree crafts work and

1282
00:51:03,030 --> 00:50:59,040
so we really want to turn on this so

1283
00:51:04,309 --> 00:51:03,040
that papers had many citations okay

1284
00:51:05,430 --> 00:51:04,319
right

1285
00:51:08,150 --> 00:51:05,440
so

1286
00:51:10,069 --> 00:51:08,160
people are publishing piano

1287
00:51:11,829 --> 00:51:10,079
just the other day with paper came

1288
00:51:14,390 --> 00:51:11,839
either coming out

1289
00:51:16,710 --> 00:51:14,400
exciting my papers

1290
00:51:18,790 --> 00:51:16,720
on not look i've had hundreds of

1291
00:51:20,870 --> 00:51:18,800
citations on this

1292
00:51:24,710 --> 00:51:20,880
so um

1293
00:51:26,470 --> 00:51:24,720
i got back into this recently

1294
00:51:27,910 --> 00:51:26,480
because i switched i thought i'd be

1295
00:51:29,829 --> 00:51:27,920
being done enough

1296
00:51:32,230 --> 00:51:29,839
black holes and gravity let's do some

1297
00:51:33,910 --> 00:51:32,240
particle physics for a change

1298
00:51:37,030 --> 00:51:33,920
so i

1299
00:51:39,829 --> 00:51:37,040
looked back into the standard model

1300
00:51:42,390 --> 00:51:39,839
and his particle has been discovered the

1301
00:51:44,390 --> 00:51:42,400
discovery of the higgs particle is this

1302
00:51:45,589 --> 00:51:44,400
the narrative for those in my

1303
00:51:47,030 --> 00:51:45,599
pocket

1304
00:51:48,790 --> 00:51:47,040
cracking the particle court of the

1305
00:51:50,630 --> 00:51:48,800
universe

1306
00:51:53,270 --> 00:51:50,640
oxford university press

1307
00:51:57,109 --> 00:51:55,270
collins harper collins this is that's

1308
00:51:57,829 --> 00:51:57,119
romantic yeah yeah

1309
00:51:59,750 --> 00:51:57,839
so

1310
00:52:02,470 --> 00:51:59,760
um

1311
00:52:04,710 --> 00:52:02,480
so they're the steiner model

1312
00:52:07,589 --> 00:52:04,720
so what you do is you have

1313
00:52:09,670 --> 00:52:07,599
the strong nuclear force is called

1314
00:52:11,510 --> 00:52:09,680
quantum chromodynamics

1315
00:52:12,950 --> 00:52:11,520
and you have quarks

1316
00:52:14,630 --> 00:52:12,960
all the quarks

1317
00:52:16,950 --> 00:52:14,640
and they the

1318
00:52:18,549 --> 00:52:16,960
the photon in this case the quantum is

1319
00:52:20,150 --> 00:52:18,559
the gluon

1320
00:52:22,150 --> 00:52:20,160
and the clone is colored and when you

1321
00:52:22,870 --> 00:52:22,160
say quote photon in quotations you mean

1322
00:52:24,069 --> 00:52:22,880
the

1323
00:52:26,470 --> 00:52:24,079
particle that

1324
00:52:28,069 --> 00:52:26,480
mediates the force it's the medium of

1325
00:52:34,950 --> 00:52:28,079
the force

1326
00:52:36,630 --> 00:52:34,960
and then you have uh

1327
00:52:39,910 --> 00:52:36,640
electromagnetism

1328
00:52:43,270 --> 00:52:39,920
electrodemics qet is called

1329
00:52:45,589 --> 00:52:43,280
and you have uh electro weak

1330
00:52:47,430 --> 00:52:45,599
and these are put together or put

1331
00:52:49,990 --> 00:52:47,440
together by

1332
00:52:53,190 --> 00:52:50,000
uh glashow and

1333
00:52:57,910 --> 00:52:54,710
basically

1334
00:53:01,349 --> 00:52:57,920
as su 3 consists you two cause you one

1335
00:53:04,230 --> 00:53:01,359
issue three is the color nuclear force

1336
00:53:06,309 --> 00:53:04,240
strong force group

1337
00:53:09,829 --> 00:53:06,319
hu2 is the um

1338
00:53:11,589 --> 00:53:09,839
hu2 cross u1 is the electromagnetic weak

1339
00:53:13,750 --> 00:53:11,599
and the u1 is the

1340
00:53:16,549 --> 00:53:13,760
electromagnetism so these are the three

1341
00:53:18,309 --> 00:53:16,559
forces of niche protocol and this it's

1342
00:53:19,750 --> 00:53:18,319
called simple group

1343
00:53:21,670 --> 00:53:19,760
and

1344
00:53:24,230 --> 00:53:21,680
why is it an issue sequence issued to

1345
00:53:25,829 --> 00:53:24,240
review one

1346
00:53:32,790 --> 00:53:25,839
so

1347
00:53:35,510 --> 00:53:32,800
in order to get a renormalizable theory

1348
00:53:38,309 --> 00:53:35,520
we use a delta function for the tree to

1349
00:53:41,670 --> 00:53:38,319
craft firemen graphs at the point local

1350
00:53:46,309 --> 00:53:44,230
you um

1351
00:53:48,870 --> 00:53:46,319
you need a gauge theory the three has to

1352
00:53:51,030 --> 00:53:48,880
be gauging variant

1353
00:53:53,670 --> 00:53:51,040
and corner electronics is gazing variant

1354
00:53:56,470 --> 00:53:53,680
because the photon is massless

1355
00:54:00,390 --> 00:53:56,480
so massive series are cajun grain and

1356
00:54:03,349 --> 00:54:00,400
changing theories are very normalizable

1357
00:54:07,510 --> 00:54:04,790
now the

1358
00:54:09,910 --> 00:54:07,520
quantum chromodynamics hu3 the gluons

1359
00:54:11,030 --> 00:54:09,920
are massless hooray we have a cage

1360
00:54:12,549 --> 00:54:11,040
theory

1361
00:54:15,750 --> 00:54:12,559
all right and it's it's really

1362
00:54:17,829 --> 00:54:15,760
normalizable it's called qcd

1363
00:54:19,349 --> 00:54:17,839
quantum chromodynamics

1364
00:54:21,270 --> 00:54:19,359
what about the

1365
00:54:22,470 --> 00:54:21,280
the weak force so there's always been a

1366
00:54:24,870 --> 00:54:22,480
problem

1367
00:54:27,190 --> 00:54:24,880
so the weak force with these forces are

1368
00:54:29,030 --> 00:54:27,200
described by fields are described by

1369
00:54:30,710 --> 00:54:29,040
yangno's theory

1370
00:54:33,190 --> 00:54:30,720
a young male says what's called name

1371
00:54:35,510 --> 00:54:33,200
mathematics or non-abelian gay theory

1372
00:54:36,710 --> 00:54:35,520
it's gage theory

1373
00:54:38,790 --> 00:54:36,720
the

1374
00:54:40,790 --> 00:54:38,800
particle mediating particles are

1375
00:54:41,990 --> 00:54:40,800
meshless

1376
00:54:44,630 --> 00:54:42,000
okay so

1377
00:54:47,270 --> 00:54:44,640
for a long time

1378
00:54:49,990 --> 00:54:47,280
the the problem was that

1379
00:54:51,349 --> 00:54:50,000
that like the electro weak is not

1380
00:54:53,990 --> 00:54:51,359
matchless

1381
00:54:56,309 --> 00:54:54,000
because the mediating particles are that

1382
00:54:58,549 --> 00:54:56,319
the z of the z

1383
00:55:01,190 --> 00:54:58,559
posing on and the w botons there are

1384
00:55:04,549 --> 00:55:01,200
three of them two w charge and one

1385
00:55:07,190 --> 00:55:04,559
neutral that's it they're not messless

1386
00:55:10,069 --> 00:55:07,200
in fact earth fake masses

1387
00:55:13,109 --> 00:55:10,079
and the fermions are not messless

1388
00:55:14,710 --> 00:55:13,119
the electrons and quartz

1389
00:55:19,670 --> 00:55:14,720
the top cork

1390
00:55:23,109 --> 00:55:21,829
compared to the electron which has a

1391
00:55:24,710 --> 00:55:23,119
mass of a half

1392
00:55:25,670 --> 00:55:24,720
mue

1393
00:55:26,790 --> 00:55:25,680
so

1394
00:55:28,790 --> 00:55:26,800
uh

1395
00:55:31,349 --> 00:55:28,800
okay so

1396
00:55:33,270 --> 00:55:31,359
sg2 creation one on one is not engaging

1397
00:55:36,549 --> 00:55:33,280
very

1398
00:55:39,430 --> 00:55:36,559
so it can't be renormalized

1399
00:55:41,270 --> 00:55:39,440
you can prove this

1400
00:55:44,230 --> 00:55:41,280
what to do

1401
00:55:47,190 --> 00:55:44,240
this took a long time

1402
00:55:50,870 --> 00:55:49,910
the scalar field was invented the higgs

1403
00:55:52,870 --> 00:55:50,880
field

1404
00:55:55,349 --> 00:55:52,880
which had some quantum numbers of the

1405
00:55:55,359 --> 00:55:58,069
so

1406
00:56:02,390 --> 00:56:00,230
what they had to do was to say

1407
00:56:06,470 --> 00:56:02,400
that the electro weak starts with zero

1408
00:56:09,589 --> 00:56:06,480
mass so we put all the masses to zero

1409
00:56:14,390 --> 00:56:09,599
that w the z and the photons

1410
00:56:19,829 --> 00:56:16,789
okay well you know

1411
00:56:22,230 --> 00:56:19,839
173 tv is put to zero okay

1412
00:56:25,190 --> 00:56:22,240
and the

1413
00:56:27,430 --> 00:56:25,200
so yeah w mouse is that match

1414
00:56:28,630 --> 00:56:27,440
was 90 gb or so

1415
00:56:31,349 --> 00:56:28,640
zero

1416
00:56:33,349 --> 00:56:31,359
okay well everything is fine

1417
00:56:35,030 --> 00:56:33,359
so then what they said was that the

1418
00:56:37,829 --> 00:56:35,040
higgs field

1419
00:56:38,630 --> 00:56:37,839
it's a so-called x mechanism

1420
00:56:42,870 --> 00:56:38,640
um

1421
00:56:44,309 --> 00:56:42,880
breaks su 2 cross u1 turned to u1 so you

1422
00:56:45,910 --> 00:56:44,319
break the electro weak turn to the

1423
00:56:49,109 --> 00:56:45,920
electromagnetic

1424
00:56:51,030 --> 00:56:49,119
and during this process

1425
00:56:55,270 --> 00:56:51,040
um

1426
00:57:00,549 --> 00:56:57,670
magic okay

1427
00:57:05,270 --> 00:57:03,349
great now that's usually normalizable so

1428
00:57:06,870 --> 00:57:05,280
this hex field has what's called a

1429
00:57:13,589 --> 00:57:06,880
potential

1430
00:57:16,309 --> 00:57:13,599
and it's equal to

1431
00:57:19,030 --> 00:57:16,319
v of phi equals lambda phi to the fourth

1432
00:57:20,390 --> 00:57:19,040
or five to four fourth power of the

1433
00:57:23,349 --> 00:57:20,400
scalar

1434
00:57:29,430 --> 00:57:25,430
assume that

1435
00:57:31,750 --> 00:57:29,440
what's called higgs

1436
00:57:33,990 --> 00:57:31,760
mechanism it's the

1437
00:57:35,030 --> 00:57:34,000
breaking of the hex symmetry sg2 cross

1438
00:57:36,390 --> 00:57:35,040
u1

1439
00:57:38,309 --> 00:57:36,400
okay

1440
00:57:39,750 --> 00:57:38,319
which is supposed to produce the masses

1441
00:57:41,589 --> 00:57:39,760
you keep drawing this because the

1442
00:57:43,510 --> 00:57:41,599
mexican hat or this is referring to

1443
00:57:45,670 --> 00:57:43,520
something else that's right

1444
00:57:48,549 --> 00:57:45,680
so

1445
00:57:52,630 --> 00:57:50,549
this is all done at the classical level

1446
00:57:56,470 --> 00:57:52,640
the higgs mechanism

1447
00:57:57,670 --> 00:57:56,480
not the quantum level it's classical

1448
00:58:00,069 --> 00:57:57,680
but then there's something called the

1449
00:58:02,549 --> 00:58:00,079
yukawa

1450
00:58:03,589 --> 00:58:02,559
lagrangian they look look you call the

1451
00:58:05,829 --> 00:58:03,599
chryson

1452
00:58:08,870 --> 00:58:05,839
where you have coupling of

1453
00:58:11,510 --> 00:58:08,880
massive particles with the hex field

1454
00:58:13,270 --> 00:58:11,520
you multiply them together

1455
00:58:15,270 --> 00:58:13,280
to interact

1456
00:58:17,589 --> 00:58:15,280
and

1457
00:58:20,150 --> 00:58:17,599
for example the electron field

1458
00:58:22,789 --> 00:58:20,160
multiplies the spinner electron direct

1459
00:58:25,750 --> 00:58:22,799
field multiplies the high scalar field

1460
00:58:26,870 --> 00:58:25,760
stuff and they have a coupling constant

1461
00:58:31,270 --> 00:58:26,880
g

1462
00:58:34,470 --> 00:58:31,280
so

1463
00:58:35,829 --> 00:58:34,480
where did the masses come from

1464
00:58:37,670 --> 00:58:35,839
well

1465
00:58:40,309 --> 00:58:37,680
it turns out that the

1466
00:58:43,030 --> 00:58:40,319
cemetery breaking can sort of produce

1467
00:58:44,309 --> 00:58:43,040
the tubby in the z-mass you can get a

1468
00:58:47,190 --> 00:58:44,319
prediction

1469
00:58:50,309 --> 00:58:47,200
for the w in the z-mass which looks

1470
00:58:52,870 --> 00:58:50,319
looks reasonably good

1471
00:58:54,150 --> 00:58:52,880
but the fermion masses all the quarks

1472
00:59:10,390 --> 00:58:54,160
and

1473
00:59:13,030 --> 00:59:10,400
so you endeavor

1474
00:59:15,910 --> 00:59:13,040
calculate the matters

1475
00:59:17,430 --> 00:59:15,920
it's put in by hand as a free parameter

1476
00:59:18,710 --> 00:59:17,440
that's why the standard world has

1477
00:59:21,670 --> 00:59:18,720
something like

1478
00:59:25,109 --> 00:59:21,680
21 or 26 free parameters depending on

1479
00:59:26,309 --> 00:59:25,119
how you count it's lots of parameters

1480
00:59:28,069 --> 00:59:26,319
so

1481
00:59:30,710 --> 00:59:28,079
i looked at this and i thought okay well

1482
00:59:32,470 --> 00:59:30,720
let me do my finite quantum field theory

1483
00:59:35,190 --> 00:59:32,480
as i call it

1484
00:59:36,470 --> 00:59:35,200
and it works whether you have masses or

1485
00:59:40,230 --> 00:59:36,480
not

1486
00:59:42,630 --> 00:59:40,240
renormalization but it's a finite

1487
00:59:44,630 --> 00:59:42,640
granular there are no infinities

1488
00:59:46,549 --> 00:59:44,640
so i don't have to worry about putting

1489
00:59:49,270 --> 00:59:46,559
the master to zero

1490
00:59:51,349 --> 00:59:49,280
so i rewrote the standard model

1491
00:59:54,309 --> 00:59:51,359
assuming that the masses are not zero

1492
00:59:57,030 --> 00:59:54,319
that the symmetry is what it is

1493
00:59:58,630 --> 00:59:57,040
uh s u three equals s u two cross u one

1494
01:00:00,390 --> 00:59:58,640
it's not broken

1495
01:00:01,990 --> 01:00:00,400
actually two cause you want it's not

1496
01:00:04,549 --> 01:00:02,000
broken and when you came up with this

1497
01:00:06,470 --> 01:00:04,559
this was before the higgs was discovered

1498
01:00:09,510 --> 01:00:06,480
yeah well i did that i was doing this

1499
01:00:12,390 --> 01:00:09,520
before the higgs but then when

1500
01:00:16,950 --> 01:00:12,400
the higgs was found i had to put this in

1501
01:00:19,349 --> 01:00:16,960
as a particle field which i did

1502
01:00:20,230 --> 01:00:19,359
and by the way you need the hex field

1503
01:00:23,190 --> 01:00:20,240
still

1504
01:00:24,630 --> 01:00:23,200
i don't need it for renormalization

1505
01:00:29,990 --> 01:00:24,640
and

1506
01:00:31,910 --> 01:00:30,000
masses okay but you do need it because

1507
01:00:33,190 --> 01:00:31,920
without the higgs

1508
01:00:36,710 --> 01:00:33,200
exchange

1509
01:00:40,630 --> 01:00:37,910
corks

1510
01:00:42,470 --> 01:00:40,640
you violate what's called unitarity at a

1511
01:00:45,430 --> 01:00:42,480
participation level

1512
01:00:50,950 --> 01:00:48,390
600 tv this is bad

1513
01:00:54,069 --> 01:00:50,960
so then when you put in the higgs field

1514
01:00:56,390 --> 01:00:54,079
and to redo the calculation it cancels

1515
01:00:58,069 --> 01:00:56,400
all the unitary violations

1516
01:01:00,309 --> 01:00:58,079
so this means you get unity you have to

1517
01:01:01,990 --> 01:01:00,319
have unit turret probability has to be

1518
01:01:04,710 --> 01:01:02,000
conserved

1519
01:01:06,309 --> 01:01:04,720
so you still need the x okay so i redid

1520
01:01:08,870 --> 01:01:06,319
the whole thing

1521
01:01:11,349 --> 01:01:08,880
and made everything finite work did all

1522
01:01:13,589 --> 01:01:11,359
the calculations prove that i get all

1523
01:01:15,670 --> 01:01:13,599
the low energy experiments of the hatred

1524
01:01:17,430 --> 01:01:15,680
collider

1525
01:01:18,309 --> 01:01:17,440
and um

1526
01:01:21,670 --> 01:01:18,319
and

1527
01:01:27,589 --> 01:01:24,630
how do i calculate the masses

1528
01:01:29,510 --> 01:01:27,599
no one's ever been able to do it

1529
01:01:31,990 --> 01:01:29,520
the feminine masses

1530
01:01:34,150 --> 01:01:32,000
so i work on this occasionally and i

1531
01:01:36,069 --> 01:01:34,160
have a way of doing it so stephen

1532
01:01:38,549 --> 01:01:36,079
weinberg who

1533
01:01:40,630 --> 01:01:38,559
won a nobel price

1534
01:01:41,829 --> 01:01:40,640
for

1535
01:01:43,670 --> 01:01:41,839
the uh

1536
01:01:45,030 --> 01:01:43,680
initiating this idea of the higgs

1537
01:01:46,710 --> 01:01:45,040
mechanism

1538
01:01:48,950 --> 01:01:46,720
and putting all masses to zero for

1539
01:01:51,510 --> 01:01:48,960
leptons it's called the lepton model

1540
01:01:56,309 --> 01:01:54,630
he has recently published a paper

1541
01:01:57,829 --> 01:01:56,319
trying to solve the problem of the

1542
01:01:58,870 --> 01:01:57,839
masses

1543
01:02:01,270 --> 01:01:58,880
and

1544
01:02:05,190 --> 01:02:01,280
stephen i was very clever by the way

1545
01:02:06,950 --> 01:02:05,200
still why yes he's about my age

1546
01:02:07,990 --> 01:02:06,960
and uh

1547
01:02:13,990 --> 01:02:08,000
he's

1548
01:02:16,390 --> 01:02:14,000
so but he failed to do it

1549
01:02:19,030 --> 01:02:16,400
by his own admission yeah was he using

1550
01:02:21,270 --> 01:02:19,040
your modified quantum field theory no he

1551
01:02:22,069 --> 01:02:21,280
just doing the standard

1552
01:02:24,549 --> 01:02:22,079
so

1553
01:02:26,710 --> 01:02:24,559
another criticism is

1554
01:02:28,470 --> 01:02:26,720
there's no experimental

1555
01:02:31,510 --> 01:02:28,480
data that shows

1556
01:02:33,750 --> 01:02:31,520
that this pig's potential is lambda

1557
01:02:37,109 --> 01:02:33,760
which the company constant lambda times

1558
01:02:39,829 --> 01:02:37,119
phi to the fourth because in order to

1559
01:02:40,789 --> 01:02:39,839
to do the experimental verification you

1560
01:02:41,990 --> 01:02:40,799
need

1561
01:02:44,710 --> 01:02:42,000
a hex

1562
01:02:46,150 --> 01:02:44,720
decaying into two other hexes

1563
01:02:47,270 --> 01:02:46,160
or three

1564
01:02:49,510 --> 01:02:47,280
and this is

1565
01:02:52,630 --> 01:02:49,520
the amplitude for this

1566
01:02:54,230 --> 01:02:52,640
decay product is it tiniest

1567
01:02:55,589 --> 01:02:54,240
so there's no evidence for this

1568
01:02:57,589 --> 01:02:55,599
potential

1569
01:02:59,349 --> 01:02:57,599
that's the standard tail that i've heard

1570
01:03:01,190 --> 01:02:59,359
and that everyone has heard yeah it is

1571
01:03:03,109 --> 01:03:01,200
the i statement is

1572
01:03:04,390 --> 01:03:03,119
the clocks and the electrons move

1573
01:03:06,630 --> 01:03:04,400
through this

1574
01:03:09,670 --> 01:03:06,640
hex field vacuum

1575
01:03:11,829 --> 01:03:09,680
molasses and they're moving very slowly

1576
01:03:14,309 --> 01:03:11,839
and the heavier particles move and the

1577
01:03:17,990 --> 01:03:14,319
glass is slower than the faster ones

1578
01:03:22,630 --> 01:03:20,309
okay i mean

1579
01:03:24,470 --> 01:03:22,640
it's a hypothesis ethereum i don't

1580
01:03:26,390 --> 01:03:24,480
necessarily believe in it imagine this

1581
01:03:27,910 --> 01:03:26,400
case this is a completely hypothetical

1582
01:03:29,829 --> 01:03:27,920
but imagine we see two electrons and

1583
01:03:31,270 --> 01:03:29,839
they repel now we see them but we see

1584
01:03:32,789 --> 01:03:31,280
them without photon we didn't discover

1585
01:03:35,270 --> 01:03:32,799
the photon then later we discover the

1586
01:03:36,789 --> 01:03:35,280
photon and then we say oh okay that

1587
01:03:38,390 --> 01:03:36,799
makes sense because we thought that

1588
01:03:39,829 --> 01:03:38,400
there must be a mediator an exchange

1589
01:03:41,910 --> 01:03:39,839
particle between these two but we've

1590
01:03:44,230 --> 01:03:41,920
never seen them exchange so it would be

1591
01:03:45,589 --> 01:03:44,240
like that we see the photon we think

1592
01:03:47,430 --> 01:03:45,599
they're supposed to be a particle and

1593
01:03:49,349 --> 01:03:47,440
that's why we predicted the photon but

1594
01:03:51,589 --> 01:03:49,359
you're saying we just found the photon

1595
01:03:53,109 --> 01:03:51,599
in this case the higgs but we don't see

1596
01:03:55,510 --> 01:03:53,119
its mechanism in the way that you're

1597
01:03:57,270 --> 01:03:55,520
saying the mechanism exists we just see

1598
01:03:58,789 --> 01:03:57,280
the hicks and the hicks can be explained

1599
01:04:01,029 --> 01:03:58,799
alternatively

1600
01:04:02,870 --> 01:04:01,039
via your theory at least right

1601
01:04:04,549 --> 01:04:02,880
the point is that

1602
01:04:06,870 --> 01:04:04,559
all experiments

1603
01:04:08,630 --> 01:04:06,880
with hex particles

1604
01:04:10,549 --> 01:04:08,640
that all you ever

1605
01:04:12,870 --> 01:04:10,559
do experimentally is to look at the

1606
01:04:16,870 --> 01:04:12,880
what's called the decay products

1607
01:04:22,069 --> 01:04:19,510
short-lived they only live

1608
01:04:23,349 --> 01:04:22,079
10 to the power minus 20 10 to the minus

1609
01:04:26,470 --> 01:04:23,359
22

1610
01:04:28,950 --> 01:04:26,480
10 to the minus 23 seconds

1611
01:04:31,349 --> 01:04:28,960
so you can't scatter the higgs off one

1612
01:04:33,990 --> 01:04:31,359
another like you scatter off electrons

1613
01:04:36,630 --> 01:04:34,000
electrons are stable particles

1614
01:04:39,109 --> 01:04:36,640
and protons are stable you can scatter

1615
01:04:41,670 --> 01:04:39,119
them but these things

1616
01:04:44,549 --> 01:04:41,680
so what you do is discuss it you

1617
01:04:46,950 --> 01:04:44,559
you do experiments on the decay products

1618
01:04:47,990 --> 01:04:46,960
how does this heavy particle decay into

1619
01:04:51,990 --> 01:04:48,000
the

1620
01:04:57,990 --> 01:04:52,000
extract

1621
01:05:01,349 --> 01:04:59,510
it's an arrow time

1622
01:05:02,630 --> 01:05:01,359
i published papers

1623
01:05:04,710 --> 01:05:02,640
um

1624
01:05:06,230 --> 01:05:04,720
where i did way back after some years

1625
01:05:09,990 --> 01:05:06,240
ago

1626
01:05:11,670 --> 01:05:10,000
mexican hat and but now we're

1627
01:05:13,510 --> 01:05:11,680
violating

1628
01:05:14,789 --> 01:05:13,520
special relative lawrence invariants

1629
01:05:17,349 --> 01:05:14,799
okay

1630
01:05:20,829 --> 01:05:17,359
and so we highlight so

1631
01:05:22,390 --> 01:05:20,839
three column one down to it so

1632
01:05:25,270 --> 01:05:22,400
two

1633
01:05:29,750 --> 01:05:27,750
so the mexican hat as you remember you

1634
01:05:31,270 --> 01:05:29,760
go around the rim and you have different

1635
01:05:32,630 --> 01:05:31,280
arrows

1636
01:05:34,950 --> 01:05:32,640
so i choose

1637
01:05:40,069 --> 01:05:34,960
to break the arrow

1638
01:05:44,470 --> 01:05:41,670
and so

1639
01:05:47,029 --> 01:05:44,480
i start with a very low entropy

1640
01:05:49,349 --> 01:05:47,039
and the age of p increases as

1641
01:05:50,470 --> 01:05:49,359
the universe expands

1642
01:05:53,430 --> 01:05:50,480
that's the

1643
01:05:56,150 --> 01:05:53,440
explanation for the error of time

1644
01:05:58,390 --> 01:05:56,160
to avoid through violation of lawrencium

1645
01:06:01,510 --> 01:05:58,400
variance but this happens

1646
01:06:02,549 --> 01:06:01,520
fractions of seconds after the big bang

1647
01:06:06,470 --> 01:06:02,559
okay

1648
01:06:09,029 --> 01:06:06,480
the violation or inconvenience

1649
01:06:12,069 --> 01:06:09,039
in experiment experiments today is

1650
01:06:14,789 --> 01:06:12,079
it's forget it there is no for me the

1651
01:06:17,349 --> 01:06:14,799
violation occurs seconds or fractions

1652
01:06:18,950 --> 01:06:17,359
practice the seconds after the big bang

1653
01:06:21,910 --> 01:06:18,960
and then it immediate through a phase

1654
01:06:25,349 --> 01:06:21,920
transition goes directly to the speed of

1655
01:06:27,510 --> 01:06:25,359
light that we know measure today

1656
01:06:28,950 --> 01:06:27,520
that's important

1657
01:06:31,109 --> 01:06:28,960
and whereas in

1658
01:06:33,589 --> 01:06:31,119
in the if your violin or instant

1659
01:06:34,870 --> 01:06:33,599
variants to where pakistan did with

1660
01:06:37,510 --> 01:06:34,880
milgram's

1661
01:06:39,270 --> 01:06:37,520
external relativistic extensions you get

1662
01:06:40,789 --> 01:06:39,280
into trouble

1663
01:06:46,309 --> 01:06:40,799
and uh

1664
01:06:51,910 --> 01:06:49,349
i've met firemen here if i hadn't dinner

1665
01:06:53,589 --> 01:06:51,920
with him in hungary once at a conference

1666
01:06:54,950 --> 01:06:53,599
he and his very interesting story was

1667
01:06:55,829 --> 01:06:54,960
great

1668
01:06:57,670 --> 01:06:55,839
um

1669
01:06:59,190 --> 01:06:57,680
i went to one of his lectures at cal

1670
01:07:01,589 --> 01:06:59,200
tech

1671
01:07:05,029 --> 01:07:01,599
and he was he gave lectures in quantum

1672
01:07:06,470 --> 01:07:05,039
field theory and i sat in the audience

1673
01:07:08,710 --> 01:07:06,480
and um

1674
01:07:11,109 --> 01:07:08,720
he was lecturing away and i put my hand

1675
01:07:13,510 --> 01:07:11,119
up to scratch my head and he looked at

1676
01:07:15,829 --> 01:07:13,520
me yes do you have a question

1677
01:07:17,750 --> 01:07:15,839
i said i'm just crashing my head he said

1678
01:07:19,109 --> 01:07:17,760
well that's legitimate you're allowed to

1679
01:07:23,190 --> 01:07:19,119
do that

1680
01:07:28,470 --> 01:07:25,670
i also met young man of course i knew

1681
01:07:29,510 --> 01:07:28,480
german quite well murray gilman it's in

1682
01:07:30,549 --> 01:07:29,520
my

1683
01:07:31,750 --> 01:07:30,559
this

1684
01:07:34,069 --> 01:07:31,760
so

1685
01:07:36,069 --> 01:07:34,079
funny stories anecdotes

1686
01:07:38,309 --> 01:07:36,079
by the way i wouldn't interject the

1687
01:07:41,589 --> 01:07:38,319
following

1688
01:07:42,390 --> 01:07:41,599
so when you modify gravity today

1689
01:07:44,549 --> 01:07:42,400
okay

1690
01:07:46,069 --> 01:07:44,559
and you think you can do without dark

1691
01:07:48,710 --> 01:07:46,079
matter

1692
01:07:52,069 --> 01:07:48,720
or dark energy or explain dark energy

1693
01:07:55,510 --> 01:07:52,079
that's another dark issue

1694
01:07:58,150 --> 01:07:55,520
you have to fit all the data

1695
01:08:01,910 --> 01:07:58,160
you can't cherry pick the data

1696
01:08:04,630 --> 01:08:01,920
so mon does okay for galaxies it doesn't

1697
01:08:06,549 --> 01:08:04,640
do well for clusters this is well known

1698
01:08:09,589 --> 01:08:06,559
okay

1699
01:08:11,910 --> 01:08:09,599
so i have to fit mark has to fit

1700
01:08:13,910 --> 01:08:11,920
galaxy data it has to fit what's called

1701
01:08:17,590 --> 01:08:13,920
the lensing data i just published a

1702
01:08:20,309 --> 01:08:17,600
paper on that another one so

1703
01:08:23,269 --> 01:08:20,319
it has to fit all the cosmological data

1704
01:08:26,070 --> 01:08:23,279
it's it's a huge amount of data

1705
01:08:28,229 --> 01:08:26,080
so life has become very difficult for

1706
01:08:30,070 --> 01:08:28,239
those people who think they can modify

1707
01:08:32,550 --> 01:08:30,080
gravity okay

1708
01:08:34,950 --> 01:08:32,560
is you have to fit all the data

1709
01:08:37,269 --> 01:08:34,960
otherwise someone comes along and says

1710
01:08:40,070 --> 01:08:37,279
hey okay you fit the galaxies or you

1711
01:08:42,309 --> 01:08:40,080
fitted that but what about the cosmology

1712
01:08:43,669 --> 01:08:42,319
what about the do you fit the acoustical

1713
01:08:46,470 --> 01:08:43,679
power spectrum

1714
01:08:49,510 --> 01:08:46,480
at this the cosmic microwave background

1715
01:08:51,030 --> 01:08:49,520
do you fit the amount of power spectrum

1716
01:08:52,550 --> 01:08:51,040
that's the uh

1717
01:08:54,070 --> 01:08:52,560
spectrum for

1718
01:08:58,229 --> 01:08:54,080
statistical

1719
01:09:02,789 --> 01:09:00,470
and to fit the structure growth of

1720
01:09:03,669 --> 01:09:02,799
cosmology

1721
01:09:06,630 --> 01:09:03,679
so

1722
01:09:07,910 --> 01:09:06,640
all of this has to be fitted

1723
01:09:10,070 --> 01:09:07,920
so i

1724
01:09:12,630 --> 01:09:10,080
had to learn all of this

1725
01:09:15,189 --> 01:09:12,640
you have to do all the astronomy

1726
01:09:17,269 --> 01:09:15,199
and you have to do all the cosmology

1727
01:09:18,950 --> 01:09:17,279
solar system there everything has to be

1728
01:09:21,910 --> 01:09:18,960
fitted

1729
01:09:23,990 --> 01:09:21,920
and so far monkeys

1730
01:09:25,590 --> 01:09:24,000
is successful

1731
01:09:28,070 --> 01:09:25,600
there are issues

1732
01:09:30,550 --> 01:09:28,080
to do with what's called dwarf galaxies

1733
01:09:31,669 --> 01:09:30,560
by the way it was just a big review put

1734
01:09:32,470 --> 01:09:31,679
out

1735
01:09:35,110 --> 01:09:32,480
by

1736
01:09:36,309 --> 01:09:35,120
ivante martino

1737
01:09:39,349 --> 01:09:36,319
uh

1738
01:09:43,189 --> 01:09:39,359
published in a journal

1739
01:09:46,550 --> 01:09:43,199
just recently where he reviews my monk

1740
01:09:47,749 --> 01:09:46,560
he reviews mind and mog

1741
01:09:50,950 --> 01:09:47,759
as the two

1742
01:09:55,910 --> 01:09:53,910
gravity without dark matter okay

1743
01:09:58,149 --> 01:09:55,920
and uh

1744
01:09:59,350 --> 01:09:58,159
the galaxy fits are very good and so why

1745
01:10:02,709 --> 01:09:59,360
they're like

1746
01:10:04,550 --> 01:10:02,719
nice to fit some data cosmology

1747
01:10:05,910 --> 01:10:04,560
but uh there's something called dwarf

1748
01:10:14,229 --> 01:10:05,920
galaxies

1749
01:10:19,669 --> 01:10:16,310
they have what's called very large mesh

1750
01:10:20,790 --> 01:10:19,679
to light ratios and over hell

1751
01:10:22,070 --> 01:10:20,800
which are

1752
01:10:24,149 --> 01:10:22,080
huge

1753
01:10:25,990 --> 01:10:24,159
so the idea is that the dark matter

1754
01:10:27,430 --> 01:10:26,000
dominates them

1755
01:10:29,189 --> 01:10:27,440
but um

1756
01:10:31,669 --> 01:10:29,199
the problem is that they're probably not

1757
01:10:33,110 --> 01:10:31,679
realized some of these 12 calories that

1758
01:10:35,990 --> 01:10:33,120
are not stable

1759
01:10:38,070 --> 01:10:36,000
tidal deformation

1760
01:10:39,590 --> 01:10:38,080
destroys the stability

1761
01:10:41,750 --> 01:10:39,600
realization

1762
01:10:42,470 --> 01:10:41,760
and so you can't use them as data so i

1763
01:10:43,750 --> 01:10:42,480
mean

1764
01:10:57,990 --> 01:10:43,760
so

1765
01:11:01,750 --> 01:10:59,750
what are you working on these days uh

1766
01:11:04,709 --> 01:11:01,760
well let's see

1767
01:11:06,550 --> 01:11:04,719
i've been working on my modified gravity

1768
01:11:08,790 --> 01:11:06,560
which i call

1769
01:11:11,110 --> 01:11:08,800
my acronym is mug

1770
01:11:14,870 --> 01:11:11,120
which stands for modified gravity but

1771
01:11:16,790 --> 01:11:14,880
privately modified morphic gravity but

1772
01:11:19,270 --> 01:11:16,800
nothing gravity but that's not public

1773
01:11:22,709 --> 01:11:19,280
that's private

1774
01:11:24,870 --> 01:11:22,719
um yes and um

1775
01:11:29,030 --> 01:11:24,880
the various issues

1776
01:11:33,270 --> 01:11:30,630
generalizations of

1777
01:11:36,550 --> 01:11:33,280
einstein's gravity theory

1778
01:11:39,750 --> 01:11:36,560
already at the phd level

1779
01:11:41,990 --> 01:11:39,760
in cambridge attorney college cambridge

1780
01:11:44,229 --> 01:11:42,000
and uh over the years but i've worked on

1781
01:11:45,270 --> 01:11:44,239
many other subjects

1782
01:11:47,110 --> 01:11:45,280
um

1783
01:11:50,149 --> 01:11:47,120
yes so

1784
01:11:53,110 --> 01:11:50,159
uh it's developing this theory

1785
01:11:54,950 --> 01:11:53,120
i also work on quantum field theory and

1786
01:11:57,350 --> 01:11:54,960
particle physics

1787
01:12:01,350 --> 01:11:57,360
and cosmology

1788
01:12:02,630 --> 01:12:01,360
and those are my three main areas

1789
01:12:04,390 --> 01:12:02,640
why don't you tell the audience a bit

1790
01:12:08,229 --> 01:12:04,400
about your books

1791
01:12:10,950 --> 01:12:08,239
yeah so this is my latest book

1792
01:12:13,669 --> 01:12:10,960
the shadow of the black hole

1793
01:12:15,350 --> 01:12:13,679
the oxford university press publication

1794
01:12:17,590 --> 01:12:15,360
just came out

1795
01:12:20,310 --> 01:12:17,600
uh it's a history of uh

1796
01:12:21,669 --> 01:12:20,320
the gravitational waves their detection

1797
01:12:23,669 --> 01:12:21,679
by ligo

1798
01:12:25,910 --> 01:12:23,679
observatory

1799
01:12:28,709 --> 01:12:25,920
and uh

1800
01:12:29,830 --> 01:12:28,719
the history of black holes

1801
01:12:33,430 --> 01:12:29,840
and uh

1802
01:12:35,910 --> 01:12:33,440
so the book has a narrative

1803
01:12:38,070 --> 01:12:35,920
description of ligo detection of

1804
01:12:40,630 --> 01:12:38,080
gravitational waves

1805
01:12:40,640 --> 01:12:44,229
also the uh

1806
01:12:47,430 --> 01:12:46,149
observation of the first image of a

1807
01:12:50,229 --> 01:12:47,440
black hole

1808
01:12:52,550 --> 01:12:50,239
and the galaxy aim emit

1809
01:12:54,550 --> 01:12:52,560
m31

1810
01:12:56,870 --> 01:12:54,560
and

1811
01:12:59,910 --> 01:12:56,880
so that's the book

1812
01:13:01,110 --> 01:12:59,920
um i also

1813
01:13:02,630 --> 01:13:01,120
published a

1814
01:13:04,950 --> 01:13:02,640
memoir

1815
01:13:06,630 --> 01:13:04,960
einstein wrote back

1816
01:13:07,910 --> 01:13:06,640
some musical

1817
01:13:09,750 --> 01:13:07,920
and uh

1818
01:13:12,229 --> 01:13:09,760
this is my first book

1819
01:13:15,110 --> 01:13:12,239
reinventing gravity which has

1820
01:13:18,709 --> 01:13:15,120
a history of privacy

1821
01:13:23,350 --> 01:13:21,110
uh prehistoric times

1822
01:13:26,149 --> 01:13:23,360
and through the greeks and uh the

1823
01:13:27,510 --> 01:13:26,159
history of how gravity developed through

1824
01:13:29,990 --> 01:13:27,520
isaac newton

1825
01:13:33,189 --> 01:13:30,000
and albert einstein

1826
01:13:35,110 --> 01:13:33,199
and uh

1827
01:13:37,750 --> 01:13:35,120
and then uh

1828
01:13:39,350 --> 01:13:37,760
this is the book before

1829
01:13:41,750 --> 01:13:39,360
my latest

1830
01:13:44,830 --> 01:13:41,760
uh cracking the particle cord of the

1831
01:13:47,510 --> 01:13:44,840
universe is the history of uh particle

1832
01:13:50,630 --> 01:13:47,520
physics and uh

1833
01:13:52,790 --> 01:13:50,640
the uh ramifications of quantum field

1834
01:13:55,350 --> 01:13:52,800
theory and that development

1835
01:13:57,270 --> 01:13:55,360
and now had the description of the large

1836
01:14:05,830 --> 01:13:57,280
hatred collider

1837
01:14:09,830 --> 01:14:06,790
when you were mentioning the

1838
01:14:11,430 --> 01:14:09,840
schwarzschild radius and the equations

1839
01:14:13,350 --> 01:14:11,440
you said that it's dependent on the

1840
01:14:14,950 --> 01:14:13,360
choice of coordinates the singularity

1841
01:14:16,709 --> 01:14:14,960
can you explain to the audience because

1842
01:14:18,310 --> 01:14:16,719
to them they might think well what do

1843
01:14:19,590 --> 01:14:18,320
you mean dependent on a choice of

1844
01:14:21,350 --> 01:14:19,600
coordinate system first of all what the

1845
01:14:23,270 --> 01:14:21,360
heck is a coordinate system and why does

1846
01:14:25,350 --> 01:14:23,280
the singularity depend on that

1847
01:14:27,669 --> 01:14:25,360
yes well the original solution the

1848
01:14:30,709 --> 01:14:27,679
slideshow solution

1849
01:14:33,110 --> 01:14:30,719
published by schwarzschild

1850
01:14:34,390 --> 01:14:33,120
who was astronomer

1851
01:14:36,950 --> 01:14:34,400
and uh

1852
01:14:38,870 --> 01:14:36,960
by the way he did the work

1853
01:14:40,870 --> 01:14:38,880
in the trenches of the first world war

1854
01:14:42,709 --> 01:14:40,880
he was in the military

1855
01:14:44,310 --> 01:14:42,719
german military

1856
01:14:46,390 --> 01:14:44,320
in the artillery

1857
01:14:47,990 --> 01:14:46,400
and einstein thought that his equation

1858
01:14:50,310 --> 01:14:48,000
was so complex that

1859
01:14:51,990 --> 01:14:50,320
finding an exact solution would be near

1860
01:14:53,910 --> 01:14:52,000
impossible and then one year later

1861
01:14:54,830 --> 01:14:53,920
schwarzschild while in the trenches came

1862
01:14:57,910 --> 01:14:54,840
up with the

1863
01:15:01,750 --> 01:14:57,920
solution went back to berlin and wrote

1864
01:15:04,870 --> 01:15:01,760
it up there but then he developed a new

1865
01:15:06,470 --> 01:15:04,880
autoimmune disease and immune disease

1866
01:15:09,430 --> 01:15:06,480
which uh

1867
01:15:12,790 --> 01:15:09,440
killed him he died

1868
01:15:13,669 --> 01:15:12,800
not soon after publishing the paper

1869
01:15:20,149 --> 01:15:13,679
so

1870
01:15:22,310 --> 01:15:20,159
uh

1871
01:15:25,270 --> 01:15:22,320
that one uses what's called schweichel

1872
01:15:26,630 --> 01:15:25,280
coordinates chord is x y said three

1873
01:15:29,510 --> 01:15:26,640
dimensional

1874
01:15:33,189 --> 01:15:29,520
and time is the fourth dimension

1875
01:15:34,070 --> 01:15:33,199
so that produces space time

1876
01:15:37,990 --> 01:15:34,080
and

1877
01:15:39,430 --> 01:15:38,000
you can choose other coordinates

1878
01:15:41,110 --> 01:15:39,440
example

1879
01:15:43,110 --> 01:15:41,120
if you

1880
01:15:46,070 --> 01:15:43,120
do a

1881
01:15:48,390 --> 01:15:46,080
a picture of the the earth the planet

1882
01:15:53,430 --> 01:15:48,400
you can use polar coordinates or other

1883
01:15:56,229 --> 01:15:53,440
kinds of coordinates to determine the uh

1884
01:15:57,910 --> 01:15:56,239
the structure of the of of earth

1885
01:16:01,510 --> 01:15:57,920
so if you use polar corners you get a

1886
01:16:03,110 --> 01:16:01,520
singularity on the north and south pole

1887
01:16:04,709 --> 01:16:03,120
and similarly in the schwarzschild

1888
01:16:08,229 --> 01:16:04,719
solution

1889
01:16:10,470 --> 01:16:08,239
the the horizon the schweitzer radius

1890
01:16:12,950 --> 01:16:10,480
is singular in schwarzschild corners but

1891
01:16:15,350 --> 01:16:12,960
you choose other coordinates

1892
01:16:17,270 --> 01:16:15,360
uh for example

1893
01:16:20,310 --> 01:16:17,280
it was the

1894
01:16:21,510 --> 01:16:20,320
mathematicians from princeton published

1895
01:16:22,790 --> 01:16:21,520
a paper

1896
01:16:25,510 --> 01:16:22,800
where they

1897
01:16:28,149 --> 01:16:25,520
did what's called a little continuation

1898
01:16:30,310 --> 01:16:28,159
of the social corners

1899
01:16:32,390 --> 01:16:30,320
space to

1900
01:16:35,030 --> 01:16:32,400
a much bigger space

1901
01:16:37,669 --> 01:16:35,040
in which the uh

1902
01:16:40,310 --> 01:16:37,679
the actual membrane of the horizon was

1903
01:16:43,430 --> 01:16:40,320
not singular so

1904
01:16:45,669 --> 01:16:43,440
so this was a problem because uh

1905
01:16:47,110 --> 01:16:45,679
einstein did wasn't aware of this issue

1906
01:16:49,830 --> 01:16:47,120
of courtness

1907
01:16:54,709 --> 01:16:50,790
he

1908
01:16:57,110 --> 01:16:54,719
because it was singular einstein didn't

1909
01:16:59,189 --> 01:16:57,120
like singularities in his theory he

1910
01:17:01,189 --> 01:16:59,199
always tried to avoid them

1911
01:17:02,870 --> 01:17:01,199
and

1912
01:17:05,189 --> 01:17:02,880
this prevented them

1913
01:17:07,110 --> 01:17:05,199
this ratio of the singular surface

1914
01:17:08,550 --> 01:17:07,120
horizon prevented them from from

1915
01:17:10,950 --> 01:17:08,560
believing

1916
01:17:12,550 --> 01:17:10,960
in these black holes

1917
01:17:14,229 --> 01:17:12,560
um

1918
01:17:16,550 --> 01:17:14,239
but eventually i was cleared up in the

1919
01:17:18,470 --> 01:17:16,560
early 60s

1920
01:17:20,070 --> 01:17:18,480
and uh

1921
01:17:21,990 --> 01:17:20,080
so then

1922
01:17:24,310 --> 01:17:22,000
from that understanding of

1923
01:17:25,910 --> 01:17:24,320
not having a singular membrane surface

1924
01:17:28,229 --> 01:17:25,920
horizon surface

1925
01:17:30,709 --> 01:17:28,239
someone could begin to believe that

1926
01:17:31,830 --> 01:17:30,719
these black holes made mathematical

1927
01:17:33,189 --> 01:17:31,840
sense

1928
01:17:34,950 --> 01:17:33,199
and by the way there's another

1929
01:17:37,270 --> 01:17:34,960
singularity

1930
01:17:39,510 --> 01:17:37,280
for the black hole

1931
01:17:41,030 --> 01:17:39,520
when the star collapses because it has a

1932
01:17:42,630 --> 01:17:41,040
large mass

1933
01:17:45,510 --> 01:17:42,640
too massive

1934
01:17:47,590 --> 01:17:45,520
to sustain itself

1935
01:17:48,709 --> 01:17:47,600
it collapses because the

1936
01:17:50,470 --> 01:17:48,719
pressure

1937
01:17:52,950 --> 01:17:50,480
due to uh

1938
01:17:54,470 --> 01:17:52,960
what's called degenerate gas neutron gas

1939
01:17:57,830 --> 01:17:54,480
for example

1940
01:17:59,669 --> 01:17:57,840
a neutron particle gas

1941
01:18:01,189 --> 01:17:59,679
the pressure there is not big enough to

1942
01:18:03,189 --> 01:18:01,199
balance

1943
01:18:05,990 --> 01:18:03,199
due to the attraction of gravity so the

1944
01:18:08,070 --> 01:18:06,000
star collapses and it collapses in

1945
01:18:10,790 --> 01:18:08,080
einstein's classical theory

1946
01:18:12,870 --> 01:18:10,800
to a singularity at the center

1947
01:18:15,590 --> 01:18:12,880
at the coordinate center which is

1948
01:18:18,870 --> 01:18:15,600
radially the distance

1949
01:18:20,870 --> 01:18:18,880
radially is zero at the center

1950
01:18:24,870 --> 01:18:20,880
and this singularity

1951
01:18:26,870 --> 01:18:24,880
has bothered bother physicists

1952
01:18:30,070 --> 01:18:26,880
from the beginning and this year

1953
01:18:32,149 --> 01:18:30,080
and uh this this is an issue which i can

1954
01:18:34,709 --> 01:18:32,159
get to eventually

1955
01:18:37,189 --> 01:18:34,719
so these are the two possible singulars

1956
01:18:39,430 --> 01:18:37,199
the singular singularities at the center

1957
01:18:42,950 --> 01:18:39,440
and einstein's classical theory

1958
01:18:44,950 --> 01:18:42,960
is there you can't avoid avoid it

1959
01:18:47,430 --> 01:18:44,960
by choosing another coordinate system

1960
01:18:50,310 --> 01:18:47,440
it's called an essential singularity

1961
01:18:52,310 --> 01:18:50,320
whereas as i explained for the horizon

1962
01:18:54,550 --> 01:18:52,320
you can choose different coordinates

1963
01:18:56,550 --> 01:18:54,560
and not have a singular surface

1964
01:18:58,790 --> 01:18:56,560
so the coordinate singularities are more

1965
01:19:00,790 --> 01:18:58,800
like figments of your coordinate choice

1966
01:19:02,229 --> 01:19:00,800
and the essential singularity is one

1967
01:19:03,830 --> 01:19:02,239
that is truer

1968
01:19:06,229 --> 01:19:03,840
that's right it's always there and the

1969
01:19:07,590 --> 01:19:06,239
classical theory of gravity einstein's

1970
01:19:09,669 --> 01:19:07,600
theory you

1971
01:19:11,270 --> 01:19:09,679
started studying physics around the time

1972
01:19:13,830 --> 01:19:11,280
you were 16 you had a correspondence

1973
01:19:14,630 --> 01:19:13,840
with einstein directly 20.

1974
01:19:17,669 --> 01:19:14,640
when you were 20 you had the

1975
01:19:19,430 --> 01:19:17,679
correspondence with einstein and then

1976
01:19:21,270 --> 01:19:19,440
you started developing

1977
01:19:24,390 --> 01:19:21,280
your own theory

1978
01:19:25,430 --> 01:19:24,400
an extension of general relativity

1979
01:19:27,510 --> 01:19:25,440
okay

1980
01:19:29,270 --> 01:19:27,520
well i've come i had an unusual

1981
01:19:30,390 --> 01:19:29,280
background

1982
01:19:33,510 --> 01:19:30,400
um

1983
01:19:35,750 --> 01:19:33,520
i left school when i was 15 because i

1984
01:19:38,390 --> 01:19:35,760
wanted to be an artist

1985
01:19:39,590 --> 01:19:38,400
what kind of artist i paint i still

1986
01:19:40,870 --> 01:19:39,600
paint

1987
01:19:42,790 --> 01:19:40,880
um

1988
01:19:44,310 --> 01:19:42,800
an abstract painting

1989
01:19:45,110 --> 01:19:44,320
so i joined

1990
01:19:48,830 --> 01:19:45,120
i

1991
01:19:51,270 --> 01:19:48,840
just turned

1992
01:19:53,189 --> 01:19:51,280
17. and uh

1993
01:19:56,630 --> 01:19:53,199
i had learned about

1994
01:19:59,430 --> 01:19:56,640
a size polyakov abstract painter who was

1995
01:20:02,470 --> 01:19:59,440
exhibited paintings in copenhagen

1996
01:20:04,390 --> 01:20:02,480
uh before i left for paris and i was

1997
01:20:07,189 --> 01:20:04,400
very impressed with his work

1998
01:20:08,550 --> 01:20:07,199
so i looked him up he lived in autism

1999
01:20:10,630 --> 01:20:08,560
how do you look him up this is before

2000
01:20:13,750 --> 01:20:10,640
the internet

2001
01:20:16,229 --> 01:20:13,760
well i looked him up in the sense of

2002
01:20:18,950 --> 01:20:16,239
not the internet i went to his house

2003
01:20:20,870 --> 01:20:18,960
because he had a little apartment and he

2004
01:20:22,310 --> 01:20:20,880
lives there with his wife

2005
01:20:23,990 --> 01:20:22,320
um

2006
01:20:27,110 --> 01:20:24,000
madame pollock he just showed up at his

2007
01:20:29,669 --> 01:20:27,120
house a 17 year old kid 17 year old kid

2008
01:20:30,550 --> 01:20:29,679
and he had his little boy alex body a

2009
01:20:33,910 --> 01:20:30,560
cup

2010
01:20:35,910 --> 01:20:33,920
and that's where he painted this room

2011
01:20:38,310 --> 01:20:35,920
and uh

2012
01:20:41,590 --> 01:20:38,320
he played the guitar at night because he

2013
01:20:44,310 --> 01:20:41,600
wasn't more well-known at all

2014
01:20:45,270 --> 01:20:44,320
then he became famous and uh i was there

2015
01:20:47,270 --> 01:20:45,280
with him

2016
01:20:48,870 --> 01:20:47,280
for a for about a year

2017
01:20:51,830 --> 01:20:48,880
to show up at his house he stayed for a

2018
01:20:54,390 --> 01:20:51,840
year no no i i had a room

2019
01:20:56,149 --> 01:20:54,400
in porter leon outside near in the

2020
01:20:59,270 --> 01:20:56,159
suburbs of paris

2021
01:21:01,750 --> 01:20:59,280
just one room but uh

2022
01:21:04,550 --> 01:21:01,760
i had saved up some money to to be in

2023
01:21:07,430 --> 01:21:04,560
paris but the money was running out

2024
01:21:08,790 --> 01:21:07,440
and i couldn't find any employment

2025
01:21:11,270 --> 01:21:08,800
because i was

2026
01:21:13,110 --> 01:21:11,280
british danish

2027
01:21:14,950 --> 01:21:13,120
i was a british citizen

2028
01:21:17,030 --> 01:21:14,960
because of my father

2029
01:21:19,350 --> 01:21:17,040
and

2030
01:21:20,470 --> 01:21:19,360
so i

2031
01:21:22,870 --> 01:21:20,480
painted

2032
01:21:25,669 --> 01:21:22,880
so he one day he said bring some

2033
01:21:29,110 --> 01:21:25,679
paintings along to the studio

2034
01:21:31,830 --> 01:21:29,120
and we're going to show you in a show

2035
01:21:33,830 --> 01:21:31,840
at the at the museum

2036
01:21:36,870 --> 01:21:33,840
with dartmouth

2037
01:21:39,110 --> 01:21:36,880
avenue wilson in paris

2038
01:21:41,270 --> 01:21:39,120
so all of a sudden i have four paintings

2039
01:21:45,669 --> 01:21:41,280
up four or five

2040
01:21:46,790 --> 01:21:45,679
and this big museum modern art museum

2041
01:21:49,270 --> 01:21:46,800
and uh

2042
01:21:51,350 --> 01:21:49,280
i was surrounded by

2043
01:21:53,669 --> 01:21:51,360
these abstract painters

2044
01:21:57,030 --> 01:21:53,679
by cerrelli modiani

2045
01:21:58,390 --> 01:21:57,040
polyakov who are now famous names and

2046
01:22:00,149 --> 01:21:58,400
not

2047
01:22:03,510 --> 01:22:00,159
so you were there before it was cool

2048
01:22:06,550 --> 01:22:03,520
before it was famous before i was and

2049
01:22:11,270 --> 01:22:08,950
interviewed by

2050
01:22:12,709 --> 01:22:11,280
by um

2051
01:22:14,390 --> 01:22:12,719
journalists

2052
01:22:16,390 --> 01:22:14,400
from the mall

2053
01:22:20,229 --> 01:22:16,400
and other figaro

2054
01:22:24,470 --> 01:22:21,030
young

2055
01:22:26,149 --> 01:22:24,480
but to be exhibited at such a famous

2056
01:22:26,870 --> 01:22:26,159
installation

2057
01:22:29,030 --> 01:22:26,880
the

2058
01:22:31,430 --> 01:22:29,040
exhibition was called royalty novel

2059
01:22:36,229 --> 01:22:31,440
actually there was a a

2060
01:22:38,390 --> 01:22:36,239
spring exhibition every spring in paris

2061
01:22:39,590 --> 01:22:38,400
so i got to know these famous artists

2062
01:22:41,189 --> 01:22:39,600
and uh

2063
01:22:44,470 --> 01:22:41,199
uh

2064
01:22:46,470 --> 01:22:44,480
i was with them for a year

2065
01:22:48,550 --> 01:22:46,480
and uh

2066
01:22:51,189 --> 01:22:48,560
then i ran out of money i had to go back

2067
01:22:54,550 --> 01:22:51,199
to power to copenhagen

2068
01:23:00,229 --> 01:22:57,030
go back living with my parents again

2069
01:23:00,239 --> 01:23:02,790
and

2070
01:23:08,149 --> 01:23:05,350
i got interested in

2071
01:23:10,229 --> 01:23:08,159
i started reading voraciously

2072
01:23:11,910 --> 01:23:10,239
everything classics

2073
01:23:13,590 --> 01:23:11,920
are you a quick reader

2074
01:23:15,030 --> 01:23:13,600
no

2075
01:23:17,270 --> 01:23:15,040
i'm slowly

2076
01:23:18,390 --> 01:23:17,280
i absorb everything

2077
01:23:20,550 --> 01:23:18,400
carefully

2078
01:23:23,189 --> 01:23:20,560
that tends to be true of mathematicians

2079
01:23:24,870 --> 01:23:23,199
it turns out that if you study iq and iq

2080
01:23:26,229 --> 01:23:24,880
can fractionate into mathematical and

2081
01:23:30,629 --> 01:23:26,239
verbal iq

2082
01:23:32,790 --> 01:23:30,639
to mathematical so the more highly

2083
01:23:35,030 --> 01:23:32,800
gifted you are mathematically the less

2084
01:23:37,669 --> 01:23:35,040
verbally and then the reverse tends to

2085
01:23:39,590 --> 01:23:37,679
be true i must say that school i was not

2086
01:23:43,669 --> 01:23:39,600
a very good student

2087
01:23:47,350 --> 01:23:45,430
i was

2088
01:23:50,629 --> 01:23:47,360
the only sappy i did well and it was

2089
01:23:53,030 --> 01:23:50,639
chemistry for some reason i was

2090
01:23:55,590 --> 01:23:53,040
fascinated by chemistry but not physics

2091
01:23:57,189 --> 01:23:55,600
no if i was poor physics or math you

2092
01:23:59,510 --> 01:23:57,199
didn't care too much about i didn't care

2093
01:24:01,510 --> 01:23:59,520
about it i didn't find it interesting

2094
01:24:04,470 --> 01:24:01,520
and this is around 15

2095
01:24:05,990 --> 01:24:04,480
uh no this is around

2096
01:24:08,870 --> 01:24:06,000
10 11

2097
01:24:10,550 --> 01:24:08,880
okay 12 10 yeah

2098
01:24:11,910 --> 01:24:10,560
we were living in glasgow at the time

2099
01:24:15,030 --> 01:24:11,920
what year is this

2100
01:24:18,229 --> 01:24:15,040
uh this would be 1942-43

2101
01:24:19,750 --> 01:24:18,239
so this is during the war do you know

2102
01:24:21,910 --> 01:24:19,760
anyway uh

2103
01:24:23,990 --> 01:24:21,920
so when actually when i left school

2104
01:24:27,990 --> 01:24:24,000
and come hang

2105
01:24:32,229 --> 01:24:28,000
i did try to get into university and uh

2106
01:24:34,070 --> 01:24:32,239
i went in those days in copenhagen

2107
01:24:36,390 --> 01:24:34,080
you uh

2108
01:24:37,669 --> 01:24:36,400
went to what's called gymnasium more

2109
01:24:39,990 --> 01:24:37,679
like it's

2110
01:24:43,270 --> 01:24:40,000
something like the oil german system

2111
01:24:45,110 --> 01:24:43,280
educational system and then you

2112
01:24:48,310 --> 01:24:45,120
went into the university

2113
01:24:50,470 --> 01:24:48,320
so i was interviewed by this

2114
01:24:53,110 --> 01:24:50,480
teacher school teacher to see why i

2115
01:24:55,750 --> 01:24:53,120
should be admitted admitted to

2116
01:24:58,390 --> 01:24:55,760
the gymnasium which is the

2117
01:25:01,270 --> 01:24:58,400
portal for university

2118
01:25:03,030 --> 01:25:01,280
and uh he asked me that i i should say

2119
01:25:04,310 --> 01:25:03,040
by the way that

2120
01:25:06,229 --> 01:25:04,320
um

2121
01:25:09,669 --> 01:25:06,239
during the war

2122
01:25:11,270 --> 01:25:09,679
in brisbane bristol this was 1942 in the

2123
01:25:14,070 --> 01:25:11,280
battle of britain

2124
01:25:15,669 --> 01:25:14,080
july august 1940

2125
01:25:16,870 --> 01:25:15,679
there were bombings

2126
01:25:18,310 --> 01:25:16,880
day and night

2127
01:25:20,870 --> 01:25:18,320
and

2128
01:25:22,390 --> 01:25:20,880
i did schooling on the crown

2129
01:25:24,229 --> 01:25:22,400
way underground

2130
01:25:25,750 --> 01:25:24,239
with sandbags

2131
01:25:27,830 --> 01:25:25,760
it was terrible

2132
01:25:28,709 --> 01:25:27,840
and the teaching was really

2133
01:25:30,390 --> 01:25:28,719
quite

2134
01:25:32,070 --> 01:25:30,400
not very good

2135
01:25:35,030 --> 01:25:32,080
and uh anyway

2136
01:25:37,030 --> 01:25:35,040
so we went on a vacation to

2137
01:25:39,030 --> 01:25:37,040
western supermare a little

2138
01:25:41,350 --> 01:25:39,040
seaside resort

2139
01:25:43,669 --> 01:25:41,360
coast of england

2140
01:25:45,030 --> 01:25:43,679
we were walking along the beach road

2141
01:25:47,189 --> 01:25:45,040
promenade

2142
01:25:49,510 --> 01:25:47,199
and suddenly these two viciousness

2143
01:25:52,470 --> 01:25:49,520
bombers came up okay by

2144
01:25:55,110 --> 01:25:52,480
i looked at i could see the

2145
01:25:58,390 --> 01:25:55,120
pilots and the plane planes

2146
01:26:01,030 --> 01:25:58,400
and they dropped six bombs

2147
01:26:03,510 --> 01:26:01,040
and uh they fell on the beach

2148
01:26:04,629 --> 01:26:03,520
which is way this is to that tennis

2149
01:26:06,149 --> 01:26:04,639
court

2150
01:26:09,350 --> 01:26:06,159
down there

2151
01:26:12,070 --> 01:26:09,360
and uh

2152
01:26:14,390 --> 01:26:12,080
that's not too far not too far

2153
01:26:16,470 --> 01:26:14,400
so they went into the sand which

2154
01:26:19,590 --> 01:26:16,480
somewhat muffled the blast

2155
01:26:22,550 --> 01:26:19,600
but we were blown across the street

2156
01:26:26,070 --> 01:26:22,560
so i i suffer from ptsd

2157
01:26:28,470 --> 01:26:26,080
i still do actually to some extent

2158
01:26:30,709 --> 01:26:28,480
and uh did you suffer any physical

2159
01:26:34,149 --> 01:26:30,719
injuries yeah

2160
01:26:38,149 --> 01:26:34,159
i was suffered a concussion

2161
01:26:40,870 --> 01:26:38,159
so uh this had an effect on me back to

2162
01:26:43,430 --> 01:26:40,880
the interview by the school teacher and

2163
01:26:45,910 --> 01:26:43,440
flashing back and forward right he asked

2164
01:26:47,590 --> 01:26:45,920
me these questions at the blackboard

2165
01:26:50,390 --> 01:26:47,600
mathematics

2166
01:26:53,590 --> 01:26:50,400
and because of my

2167
01:26:55,990 --> 01:26:53,600
what we now call ptsd

2168
01:27:00,149 --> 01:26:56,000
poster marries trust disorder i just

2169
01:27:05,189 --> 01:27:02,470
and uh i couldn't answer any questions

2170
01:27:07,030 --> 01:27:05,199
so he said he said i can tell you

2171
01:27:08,790 --> 01:27:07,040
moffitt

2172
01:27:11,350 --> 01:27:08,800
actually sure you'll never become a

2173
01:27:14,629 --> 01:27:11,360
mathematician

2174
01:27:16,709 --> 01:27:14,639
and they rejected me i was rejected

2175
01:27:18,790 --> 01:27:16,719
from going to the gymnasium that was the

2176
01:27:21,910 --> 01:27:18,800
end of the possibility of attending

2177
01:27:27,110 --> 01:27:26,229
in denmark so anyway back to uh

2178
01:27:30,390 --> 01:27:27,120
so

2179
01:27:31,750 --> 01:27:30,400
yeah paris copenhagen again i got

2180
01:27:33,750 --> 01:27:31,760
interested in

2181
01:27:35,910 --> 01:27:33,760
and uh did a lot of reading so i read

2182
01:27:38,229 --> 01:27:35,920
arthur eddington's books

2183
01:27:39,110 --> 01:27:38,239
popular books i got very interested in

2184
01:27:41,990 --> 01:27:39,120
that

2185
01:27:43,669 --> 01:27:42,000
in the end of physics and astronomy

2186
01:27:46,790 --> 01:27:43,679
and uh

2187
01:27:49,030 --> 01:27:46,800
i started getting excited about that

2188
01:27:51,270 --> 01:27:49,040
so i decided this was something to

2189
01:27:53,030 --> 01:27:51,280
pursue so i started learning math and

2190
01:27:55,030 --> 01:27:53,040
physique so it turned out that i could

2191
01:27:56,950 --> 01:27:55,040
attend

2192
01:27:58,870 --> 01:27:56,960
the library university live in the

2193
01:28:01,510 --> 01:27:58,880
university library

2194
01:28:03,910 --> 01:28:01,520
like university copenhagen library

2195
01:28:05,430 --> 01:28:03,920
and get books from physics and mass

2196
01:28:07,669 --> 01:28:05,440
which is

2197
01:28:09,030 --> 01:28:07,679
unusual for cities

2198
01:28:10,310 --> 01:28:09,040
you can't do that in the university of

2199
01:28:12,870 --> 01:28:10,320
toronto

2200
01:28:15,510 --> 01:28:12,880
the robust library you have to

2201
01:28:17,510 --> 01:28:15,520
be a member of the university

2202
01:28:18,629 --> 01:28:17,520
so but back then any member of the

2203
01:28:19,750 --> 01:28:18,639
public could take out the universe

2204
01:28:22,149 --> 01:28:19,760
publicly

2205
01:28:24,070 --> 01:28:22,159
and uh so i took out these books from

2206
01:28:27,189 --> 01:28:24,080
maths and physics

2207
01:28:27,199 --> 01:28:29,910
it just suddenly

2208
01:28:33,110 --> 01:28:31,030
clicked

2209
01:28:34,470 --> 01:28:33,120
and within about a week or two i learned

2210
01:28:36,709 --> 01:28:34,480
calculus

2211
01:28:38,310 --> 01:28:36,719
trigonometry

2212
01:28:39,750 --> 01:28:38,320
uh within

2213
01:28:44,390 --> 01:28:39,760
so you found that you had a natural

2214
01:28:49,350 --> 01:28:46,550
i have to tell you

2215
01:28:50,709 --> 01:28:49,360
i never understood how i did this

2216
01:28:53,030 --> 01:28:50,719
to this day you know

2217
01:28:55,189 --> 01:28:53,040
i still don't understand it

2218
01:28:58,310 --> 01:28:55,199
and uh

2219
01:29:00,709 --> 01:28:58,320
within a couple of months i was

2220
01:29:02,390 --> 01:29:00,719
moving fast okay i was going through all

2221
01:29:04,950 --> 01:29:02,400
our mathematics

2222
01:29:07,510 --> 01:29:04,960
and physics and uh you must have had

2223
01:29:10,950 --> 01:29:07,520
some great books too yeah i had i

2224
01:29:14,550 --> 01:29:10,960
somehow understood as i moved forward

2225
01:29:15,830 --> 01:29:14,560
what to look for what books to look for

2226
01:29:19,110 --> 01:29:15,840
and

2227
01:29:21,910 --> 01:29:19,120
so within six months

2228
01:29:24,070 --> 01:29:21,920
i got up to general relativity

2229
01:29:26,470 --> 01:29:24,080
and

2230
01:29:27,830 --> 01:29:26,480
then i did general relativity within a

2231
01:29:29,830 --> 01:29:27,840
month

2232
01:29:31,110 --> 01:29:29,840
okay for people listening you went from

2233
01:29:32,950 --> 01:29:31,120
a teacher saying that you're never going

2234
01:29:34,629 --> 01:29:32,960
to learn mathematics to you also not

2235
01:29:36,390 --> 01:29:34,639
knowing much of mathematics at that time

2236
01:29:37,910 --> 01:29:36,400
to then you picking up your first book

2237
01:29:39,830 --> 01:29:37,920
in the library for whatever reason you

2238
01:29:41,910 --> 01:29:39,840
were curious about it to then learning

2239
01:29:44,470 --> 01:29:41,920
general relativity in the span of six

2240
01:29:45,830 --> 01:29:44,480
months when you were around 15 or so

2241
01:29:47,430 --> 01:29:45,840
uh no

2242
01:29:49,189 --> 01:29:47,440
19 20

2243
01:29:50,709 --> 01:29:49,199
20.

2244
01:29:53,669 --> 01:29:50,719
yeah um

2245
01:29:57,990 --> 01:29:53,679
after that i had no interest in the

2246
01:30:00,229 --> 01:29:58,000
in science in general but uh

2247
01:30:02,709 --> 01:30:00,239
but then i suddenly

2248
01:30:04,830 --> 01:30:02,719
something lit up

2249
01:30:07,910 --> 01:30:04,840
and

2250
01:30:09,990 --> 01:30:07,920
so i then i ran into einstein's unified

2251
01:30:12,790 --> 01:30:10,000
field theory

2252
01:30:15,430 --> 01:30:12,800
and uh studied that and

2253
01:30:17,110 --> 01:30:15,440
found a problem with it

2254
01:30:19,270 --> 01:30:17,120
when you say einstein's unified field

2255
01:30:21,990 --> 01:30:19,280
theory you're not referring to general

2256
01:30:25,110 --> 01:30:22,000
relativity no this is uh what he called

2257
01:30:27,350 --> 01:30:25,120
a non-symmetric theory of gravitation he

2258
01:30:29,830 --> 01:30:27,360
called a generalization of gravitation

2259
01:30:30,709 --> 01:30:29,840
to it he didn't call it unified field

2260
01:30:32,870 --> 01:30:30,719
theory

2261
01:30:34,149 --> 01:30:32,880
generalization of gravity uh okay

2262
01:30:36,629 --> 01:30:34,159
because this was around the time when

2263
01:30:39,350 --> 01:30:36,639
einstein was publishing

2264
01:30:41,030 --> 01:30:39,360
people like for example me we don't know

2265
01:30:42,390 --> 01:30:41,040
much about what einstein published that

2266
01:30:44,149 --> 01:30:42,400
didn't work we were only taught what

2267
01:30:46,070 --> 01:30:44,159
worked which is gr and the special

2268
01:30:48,229 --> 01:30:46,080
relativity first so i don't i actually

2269
01:30:50,709 --> 01:30:48,239
don't know about the specifics of his

2270
01:30:52,310 --> 01:30:50,719
unified field theory attempts yeah now

2271
01:30:56,709 --> 01:30:52,320
he

2272
01:30:59,110 --> 01:30:56,719
this is a a lot of this is described in

2273
01:31:00,870 --> 01:30:59,120
my book reinventing gravity i go through

2274
01:31:01,910 --> 01:31:00,880
the whole history of this

2275
01:31:05,030 --> 01:31:01,920
um

2276
01:31:07,350 --> 01:31:05,040
after the 1915-16 publication of general

2277
01:31:09,750 --> 01:31:07,360
relativity

2278
01:31:12,390 --> 01:31:09,760
einstein kept publishing applications

2279
01:31:14,550 --> 01:31:12,400
like detection of gravitational waves

2280
01:31:18,550 --> 01:31:14,560
his famous book on the cosmology and so

2281
01:31:21,790 --> 01:31:18,560
on his famous article and cosmology

2282
01:31:24,070 --> 01:31:21,800
but he was more interested in unifying

2283
01:31:27,110 --> 01:31:24,080
electromagnetism with gravity

2284
01:31:28,310 --> 01:31:27,120
and making the one geometrical theory

2285
01:31:32,070 --> 01:31:28,320
okay

2286
01:31:32,080 --> 01:31:34,950
uh

2287
01:31:39,830 --> 01:31:36,390
about 19

2288
01:31:41,430 --> 01:31:39,840
18 19 19.

2289
01:31:44,390 --> 01:31:41,440
isn't general relativity already

2290
01:31:45,830 --> 01:31:44,400
compatible with electromagnetism it was

2291
01:31:48,149 --> 01:31:45,840
because you can

2292
01:31:50,229 --> 01:31:48,159
incorporate maxwell's

2293
01:31:51,990 --> 01:31:50,239
equations of electromagnetism into

2294
01:31:54,550 --> 01:31:52,000
general relativity

2295
01:31:56,870 --> 01:31:54,560
in what's called a covariant way a way

2296
01:31:58,950 --> 01:31:56,880
of of not being dependent on any

2297
01:32:01,350 --> 01:31:58,960
particular coordinate system it's called

2298
01:32:02,870 --> 01:32:01,360
the einstein maxwell theory

2299
01:32:05,030 --> 01:32:02,880
and it is

2300
01:32:07,510 --> 01:32:05,040
just but maxwell's equations are not

2301
01:32:09,430 --> 01:32:07,520
unified with gravity so to speak in a

2302
01:32:11,590 --> 01:32:09,440
geometrical structure

2303
01:32:14,310 --> 01:32:11,600
ah okay

2304
01:32:16,870 --> 01:32:14,320
um so

2305
01:32:18,470 --> 01:32:16,880
he worked on and off on his unified

2306
01:32:21,110 --> 01:32:18,480
theories his generalization of

2307
01:32:23,669 --> 01:32:21,120
gravitation theory his theory

2308
01:32:25,430 --> 01:32:23,679
and in 1925

2309
01:32:26,470 --> 01:32:25,440
for example

2310
01:32:28,870 --> 01:32:26,480
he

2311
01:32:31,590 --> 01:32:28,880
followed collusion and worked on high

2312
01:32:33,830 --> 01:32:31,600
dimensional gravity to include the

2313
01:32:35,750 --> 01:32:33,840
electromagnetic field

2314
01:32:39,510 --> 01:32:35,760
maxwell's equations

2315
01:32:41,189 --> 01:32:39,520
and he wasn't happy with that

2316
01:32:42,149 --> 01:32:41,199
and uh

2317
01:32:44,550 --> 01:32:42,159
then he

2318
01:32:46,310 --> 01:32:44,560
vile herman weil the famous german

2319
01:32:49,430 --> 01:32:46,320
mathematician

2320
01:32:52,310 --> 01:32:49,440
who published a book famous book on uh

2321
01:32:53,669 --> 01:32:52,320
einstein's theory gravity called mata

2322
01:32:57,189 --> 01:32:53,679
and space time space space-time and

2323
01:33:14,470 --> 01:32:58,229
he

2324
01:33:16,870 --> 01:33:14,480
but that failed because

2325
01:33:19,350 --> 01:33:16,880
einstein criticized that there was a

2326
01:33:21,270 --> 01:33:19,360
problem with

2327
01:33:23,110 --> 01:33:21,280
understanding how clocks work in the

2328
01:33:24,790 --> 01:33:23,120
theory because of the so-called gauge

2329
01:33:29,430 --> 01:33:24,800
theory

2330
01:33:31,350 --> 01:33:29,440
and but then in 1925 einstein

2331
01:33:34,830 --> 01:33:31,360
journalized his

2332
01:33:37,510 --> 01:33:34,840
general relativity theory by saying the

2333
01:33:39,910 --> 01:33:37,520
following generality is based on a

2334
01:33:41,030 --> 01:33:39,920
space-time metric

2335
01:33:43,590 --> 01:33:41,040
which is

2336
01:33:46,950 --> 01:33:43,600
what it says a symmetric

2337
01:33:48,470 --> 01:33:46,960
metric it's a symmetric tensor

2338
01:33:50,790 --> 01:33:48,480
okay

2339
01:33:53,270 --> 01:33:50,800
g mu u it's called

2340
01:33:55,990 --> 01:33:53,280
we're mu and you run over space-time

2341
01:34:00,229 --> 01:33:56,000
coordinates one to four

2342
01:34:05,669 --> 01:34:03,110
so he said well why should this

2343
01:34:07,350 --> 01:34:05,679
metric this tends to be symmetric it can

2344
01:34:09,750 --> 01:34:07,360
be

2345
01:34:11,669 --> 01:34:09,760
non-symmetric you have a symmetric plus

2346
01:34:13,189 --> 01:34:11,679
an anti-symmetric part

2347
01:34:14,870 --> 01:34:13,199
added together

2348
01:34:16,790 --> 01:34:14,880
just let me explain this a bit to the

2349
01:34:19,270 --> 01:34:16,800
audience so there's

2350
01:34:20,310 --> 01:34:19,280
a metric which is a two tensor and a

2351
01:34:22,790 --> 01:34:20,320
tensor

2352
01:34:24,550 --> 01:34:22,800
is what you can think of as taking two

2353
01:34:25,830 --> 01:34:24,560
vectors you know what a vector is and

2354
01:34:27,590 --> 01:34:25,840
then outputting

2355
01:34:29,270 --> 01:34:27,600
what your underlying field is which in

2356
01:34:31,590 --> 01:34:29,280
most of the cases it's the real numbers

2357
01:34:33,030 --> 01:34:31,600
so that is you eat two vectors give me

2358
01:34:34,629 --> 01:34:33,040
two vectors and i'll give you a real

2359
01:34:38,550 --> 01:34:34,639
number and you have to satisfy some

2360
01:34:40,229 --> 01:34:38,560
conditions like linearity and so on

2361
01:34:41,910 --> 01:34:40,239
you can also switch those two vectors so

2362
01:34:43,910 --> 01:34:41,920
you can say give me a vector a give me

2363
01:34:45,669 --> 01:34:43,920
one vector then give me another one

2364
01:34:47,350 --> 01:34:45,679
or give me that one and then give me the

2365
01:34:49,830 --> 01:34:47,360
other one so give me a and b or give me

2366
01:34:50,950 --> 01:34:49,840
b and a and then if the result is the

2367
01:34:52,709 --> 01:34:50,960
same

2368
01:34:54,550 --> 01:34:52,719
in your calculation then you call it

2369
01:34:56,550 --> 01:34:54,560
symmetric

2370
01:34:58,790 --> 01:34:56,560
okay that's right

2371
01:35:01,189 --> 01:34:58,800
so yes so um

2372
01:35:02,629 --> 01:35:01,199
anyway he developed the mathematics for

2373
01:35:04,310 --> 01:35:02,639
this

2374
01:35:06,629 --> 01:35:04,320
and

2375
01:35:08,870 --> 01:35:06,639
published it as a paper

2376
01:35:10,229 --> 01:35:08,880
in 1925 there was a lot of excitement

2377
01:35:12,870 --> 01:35:10,239
about

2378
01:35:18,870 --> 01:35:12,880
any publication that he produced because

2379
01:35:23,910 --> 01:35:22,149
verified general relativity in 1919

2380
01:35:25,270 --> 01:35:23,920
arthur eddington's

2381
01:35:27,270 --> 01:35:25,280
uh

2382
01:35:30,229 --> 01:35:27,280
expedition

2383
01:35:32,550 --> 01:35:30,239
uh to to africa and uh

2384
01:35:36,550 --> 01:35:32,560
solar eclipse and so on

2385
01:35:38,790 --> 01:35:36,560
and uh anyway so the anyway so

2386
01:35:42,709 --> 01:35:38,800
back to the non-geometric theory

2387
01:35:44,790 --> 01:35:42,719
uh then he left it and tried other

2388
01:35:46,229 --> 01:35:44,800
made other attempts to have a unified

2389
01:35:49,270 --> 01:35:46,239
theory he

2390
01:35:55,270 --> 01:35:50,550
so

2391
01:36:00,629 --> 01:35:57,590
in collaboration with

2392
01:36:02,550 --> 01:36:00,639
strauss he was einstein's assistant at

2393
01:36:05,590 --> 01:36:02,560
the institute for one study in princeton

2394
01:36:08,390 --> 01:36:05,600
where he now is okay 1945

2395
01:36:10,310 --> 01:36:08,400
professor there in institute

2396
01:36:11,270 --> 01:36:10,320
um

2397
01:36:20,790 --> 01:36:11,280
he

2398
01:36:22,709 --> 01:36:20,800
was a problem

2399
01:36:26,070 --> 01:36:22,719
because the field equations of the

2400
01:36:29,910 --> 01:36:28,950
attracts a beautiful looking

2401
01:36:31,990 --> 01:36:29,920
uh

2402
01:36:35,189 --> 01:36:32,000
it's quite natural to generalize

2403
01:36:37,350 --> 01:36:35,199
einstein's theory there's no reason why

2404
01:36:40,470 --> 01:36:37,360
this tensor should be symmetric

2405
01:36:41,830 --> 01:36:40,480
and some what's called the connection

2406
01:36:43,990 --> 01:36:41,840
uh

2407
01:36:45,430 --> 01:36:44,000
to which is associated with the metric

2408
01:36:47,910 --> 01:36:45,440
tensor

2409
01:36:50,950 --> 01:36:47,920
uh at the i find connection

2410
01:36:52,870 --> 01:36:50,960
is also non-symmetric in this theory

2411
01:36:54,790 --> 01:36:52,880
and it has a symmetric power which is

2412
01:36:57,590 --> 01:36:54,800
the i find connection which is not a

2413
01:36:59,350 --> 01:36:57,600
tensor and the skew and anti-symmetric

2414
01:37:01,830 --> 01:36:59,360
part the skew part

2415
01:37:02,629 --> 01:37:01,840
which is is a tensor anyway

2416
01:37:04,390 --> 01:37:02,639
so

2417
01:37:06,550 --> 01:37:04,400
uh

2418
01:37:09,189 --> 01:37:06,560
it turned out that the field equations

2419
01:37:11,510 --> 01:37:09,199
which are supposed to describe maxwell's

2420
01:37:15,669 --> 01:37:11,520
equations

2421
01:37:17,990 --> 01:37:15,679
and he couldn't get the equation of

2422
01:37:20,310 --> 01:37:18,000
motion for a charged particle what's

2423
01:37:23,350 --> 01:37:20,320
called the the release lawrence lawrence

2424
01:37:25,510 --> 01:37:23,360
ford's law hendrick lawrence the

2425
01:37:29,350 --> 01:37:25,520
physicist

2426
01:37:34,229 --> 01:37:31,510
the turn of the uh

2427
01:37:36,709 --> 01:37:34,239
20th century

2428
01:37:37,830 --> 01:37:36,719
the lorenz force on on the charged

2429
01:37:40,070 --> 01:37:37,840
particle

2430
01:37:43,990 --> 01:37:40,080
didn't come out of the theory

2431
01:37:59,510 --> 01:37:44,790
so

2432
01:38:02,550 --> 01:37:59,520
he did at that time he had what's called

2433
01:38:04,629 --> 01:38:02,560
her mission metric tensor so we had the

2434
01:38:07,030 --> 01:38:04,639
symmetric power was real and the

2435
01:38:10,149 --> 01:38:07,040
anti-symmetric part was

2436
01:38:12,070 --> 01:38:10,159
it was an imaginary quantity measuring

2437
01:38:13,750 --> 01:38:12,080
square root of minus one times the

2438
01:38:17,109 --> 01:38:13,760
measuring part

2439
01:38:19,030 --> 01:38:17,119
and i found the problem with the

2440
01:38:21,109 --> 01:38:19,040
the lagrangian what's called the action

2441
01:38:22,870 --> 01:38:21,119
principle from which you get the filthy

2442
01:38:25,189 --> 01:38:22,880
questions

2443
01:38:27,270 --> 01:38:25,199
so i wrote him a letter and i wrote two

2444
01:38:28,790 --> 01:38:27,280
papers actually but that is to say you

2445
01:38:30,950 --> 01:38:28,800
found a problem with the lagrangian or

2446
01:38:32,149 --> 01:38:30,960
the action that the idea the structure

2447
01:38:35,189 --> 01:38:32,159
of the action

2448
01:38:37,270 --> 01:38:35,199
as to whether it was real or not

2449
01:38:40,149 --> 01:38:37,280
the action that lagrangian has to be

2450
01:38:42,229 --> 01:38:40,159
real okay otherwise you get into trouble

2451
01:38:44,149 --> 01:38:42,239
with uh

2452
01:38:46,310 --> 01:38:44,159
the development of the theories looked

2453
01:38:47,830 --> 01:38:46,320
self-consistent

2454
01:38:50,470 --> 01:38:47,840
so i

2455
01:38:52,950 --> 01:38:50,480
wrote these two papers i

2456
01:38:55,030 --> 01:38:52,960
typed on an old typewriter

2457
01:38:58,390 --> 01:38:55,040
and uh with the math symbols on the old

2458
01:39:01,270 --> 01:38:58,400
typewriter too no i had to put them in

2459
01:39:03,430 --> 01:39:01,280
by a pen okay it's all very primitive

2460
01:39:04,709 --> 01:39:03,440
compared to what we do today

2461
01:39:07,189 --> 01:39:04,719
and uh

2462
01:39:09,350 --> 01:39:07,199
sent them

2463
01:39:11,030 --> 01:39:09,360
these manuscripts and the letter i never

2464
01:39:12,550 --> 01:39:11,040
expected to hear from them because i

2465
01:39:15,189 --> 01:39:12,560
mean

2466
01:39:16,629 --> 01:39:15,199
famous einstein

2467
01:39:18,390 --> 01:39:16,639
people were writing to him all the time

2468
01:39:20,470 --> 01:39:18,400
be like writing obama and then obama

2469
01:39:21,750 --> 01:39:20,480
replying to exactly so

2470
01:39:24,550 --> 01:39:21,760
however

2471
01:39:26,790 --> 01:39:24,560
my prison was

2472
01:39:27,510 --> 01:39:26,800
was correct

2473
01:39:30,790 --> 01:39:27,520
so

2474
01:39:34,390 --> 01:39:30,800
20 or 22 or 20

2475
01:39:37,669 --> 01:39:34,400
92 i was 20 yeah

2476
01:39:42,070 --> 01:39:39,510
so

2477
01:39:45,030 --> 01:39:42,080
right looked at the manuscript and

2478
01:39:47,830 --> 01:39:45,040
um okay so you corrected einstein

2479
01:39:49,590 --> 01:39:47,840
yeah so i'm not correct i'm i questioned

2480
01:39:52,390 --> 01:39:49,600
what he was doing

2481
01:39:56,229 --> 01:39:52,400
and uh so he

2482
01:39:58,950 --> 01:39:56,239
amazingly and um a letter comes in

2483
01:40:00,550 --> 01:39:58,960
from from princeton from mercer street

2484
01:40:02,390 --> 01:40:00,560
where he

2485
01:40:04,629 --> 01:40:02,400
had his house

2486
01:40:07,030 --> 01:40:04,639
and uh

2487
01:40:08,790 --> 01:40:07,040
discussing my paper

2488
01:40:10,870 --> 01:40:08,800
papers and

2489
01:40:12,790 --> 01:40:10,880
and uh

2490
01:40:13,750 --> 01:40:12,800
just caching this issue i raised and so

2491
01:40:21,590 --> 01:40:13,760
on

2492
01:40:22,950 --> 01:40:21,600
i also criticized the fact that he was

2493
01:40:26,149 --> 01:40:22,960
only

2494
01:40:27,990 --> 01:40:26,159
unifying gravity with electromagnetism

2495
01:40:29,350 --> 01:40:28,000
and that that we knew about the nuclear

2496
01:40:32,070 --> 01:40:29,360
force

2497
01:40:33,910 --> 01:40:32,080
i mean there was already nuclear what we

2498
01:40:36,550 --> 01:40:33,920
call nuclear physics

2499
01:40:39,750 --> 01:40:36,560
so how can you leave that out okay and

2500
01:40:40,709 --> 01:40:39,760
he responded to that

2501
01:40:43,109 --> 01:40:40,719
so

2502
01:40:43,119 --> 01:40:47,430
then um

2503
01:40:52,790 --> 01:40:50,629
we have we had a friend my father

2504
01:40:54,870 --> 01:40:52,800
had a friend who was a

2505
01:40:55,910 --> 01:40:54,880
chemist

2506
01:40:58,310 --> 01:40:55,920
and

2507
01:40:59,830 --> 01:40:58,320
living he called me an american

2508
01:41:02,149 --> 01:40:59,840
and

2509
01:41:05,590 --> 01:41:02,159
he got to hear about me

2510
01:41:07,750 --> 01:41:05,600
and uh then he

2511
01:41:09,109 --> 01:41:07,760
somehow got about niels bohr at the

2512
01:41:11,350 --> 01:41:09,119
point if he should

2513
01:41:13,189 --> 01:41:11,360
cut to hear about me

2514
01:41:14,310 --> 01:41:13,199
and so i was invited to the board

2515
01:41:16,229 --> 01:41:14,320
institute

2516
01:41:19,910 --> 01:41:16,239
and i was interviewed by niels paul for

2517
01:41:21,109 --> 01:41:19,920
two hours he criticized einstein because

2518
01:41:23,430 --> 01:41:21,119
people

2519
01:41:26,790 --> 01:41:23,440
felt einstein was wasting his time

2520
01:41:31,590 --> 01:41:26,800
more criticized einstein yeah and said

2521
01:41:36,149 --> 01:41:34,470
albert was wasting his time and

2522
01:41:39,350 --> 01:41:36,159
he he said

2523
01:41:42,149 --> 01:41:39,360
i was like an alchemist

2524
01:41:44,830 --> 01:41:42,159
trying to turn lead into cold and

2525
01:41:48,790 --> 01:41:44,840
so on and so on i just sat

2526
01:41:51,350 --> 01:41:48,800
there famous nobel prize winner

2527
01:41:52,950 --> 01:41:51,360
thinks another famous nobel prize winner

2528
01:41:55,109 --> 01:41:52,960
is wasting his time

2529
01:41:57,189 --> 01:41:55,119
okay or i didn't think einstein was

2530
01:41:59,030 --> 01:41:57,199
wasting his time but

2531
01:42:01,990 --> 01:41:59,040
he was doing unified theory

2532
01:42:03,910 --> 01:42:02,000
before it ever became popular

2533
01:42:05,669 --> 01:42:03,920
at all okay

2534
01:42:07,990 --> 01:42:05,679
and he was actually ignoring the

2535
01:42:10,390 --> 01:42:08,000
institute

2536
01:42:11,270 --> 01:42:10,400
by physicists

2537
01:42:14,470 --> 01:42:11,280
because

2538
01:42:15,510 --> 01:42:14,480
all of his work was just wasting time

2539
01:42:20,149 --> 01:42:15,520
so

2540
01:42:22,470 --> 01:42:20,159
i was a british citizen that you see

2541
01:42:24,950 --> 01:42:22,480
because i never became a danish citizen

2542
01:42:26,830 --> 01:42:24,960
because i was born in copenhagen but i

2543
01:42:29,030 --> 01:42:26,840
took my father's

2544
01:42:31,830 --> 01:42:29,040
citizenship so

2545
01:42:33,990 --> 01:42:31,840
paul got in touch with uh the

2546
01:42:37,510 --> 01:42:34,000
the uh consulate british council in

2547
01:42:41,510 --> 01:42:39,990
uh who got in touch with the

2548
01:42:42,870 --> 01:42:41,520
department of scientific industrial

2549
01:42:44,709 --> 01:42:42,880
association

2550
01:42:49,510 --> 01:42:44,719
in london

2551
01:42:49,520 --> 01:42:51,990
and

2552
01:42:54,830 --> 01:42:53,510
so i went there

2553
01:42:58,470 --> 01:42:54,840
but

2554
01:43:00,390 --> 01:42:58,480
uh they arranged me for me to be

2555
01:43:02,470 --> 01:43:00,400
interviewed by professors

2556
01:43:04,790 --> 01:43:02,480
to see whether i was

2557
01:43:06,709 --> 01:43:04,800
the real article or

2558
01:43:10,709 --> 01:43:06,719
some

2559
01:43:11,990 --> 01:43:10,719
including my own

2560
01:43:14,310 --> 01:43:12,000
and

2561
01:43:17,350 --> 01:43:14,320
i was interviewed by

2562
01:43:19,350 --> 01:43:17,360
william mcrae professor in london

2563
01:43:23,270 --> 01:43:19,360
university

2564
01:43:28,070 --> 01:43:25,910
then i was sent to

2565
01:43:30,149 --> 01:43:28,080
william bonner who professor liverpool

2566
01:43:32,149 --> 01:43:30,159
university who was working on united

2567
01:43:34,870 --> 01:43:32,159
states unified field theory he was one

2568
01:43:36,709 --> 01:43:34,880
of the people who criticized einstein's

2569
01:43:38,390 --> 01:43:36,719
theory for the fact that you couldn't

2570
01:43:40,709 --> 01:43:38,400
get the equation of motion for a charged

2571
01:43:42,709 --> 01:43:40,719
particle from the theory

2572
01:43:44,870 --> 01:43:42,719
and also that maxwell's equation it

2573
01:43:46,149 --> 01:43:44,880
didn't look like maxwell's equations as

2574
01:43:49,189 --> 01:43:46,159
they should

2575
01:43:53,669 --> 01:43:50,950
so then i was

2576
01:43:55,990 --> 01:43:53,679
sent to dublin

2577
01:43:57,590 --> 01:43:56,000
to h201 study

2578
01:43:59,830 --> 01:43:57,600
in dublin

2579
01:44:01,430 --> 01:43:59,840
and i've been showing other famous iron

2580
01:44:04,070 --> 01:44:01,440
showing uh one of the founders of

2581
01:44:06,709 --> 01:44:04,080
calling me kelly's the shorting equation

2582
01:44:09,350 --> 01:44:06,719
was director of the institute

2583
01:44:11,669 --> 01:44:09,360
so i went there and i went up and we

2584
01:44:13,910 --> 01:44:11,679
always interviewed by showing a saddle

2585
01:44:15,510 --> 01:44:13,920
on his bed with the whole cap on his

2586
01:44:19,510 --> 01:44:15,520
head

2587
01:44:19,520 --> 01:44:23,590
and uh he had my papers

2588
01:44:28,310 --> 01:44:27,030
which uh i sent a height today

2589
01:44:31,270 --> 01:44:28,320
and uh

2590
01:44:36,149 --> 01:44:31,280
science i sent it to him no i

2591
01:44:38,629 --> 01:44:36,159
sort of had copies and i had just

2592
01:44:39,350 --> 01:44:38,639
given them to bohr and

2593
01:44:41,109 --> 01:44:39,360
at

2594
01:44:43,350 --> 01:44:41,119
the palm of

2595
01:44:44,870 --> 01:44:43,360
uh that i was invited to in london and

2596
01:44:47,430 --> 01:44:44,880
so on people

2597
01:44:49,910 --> 01:44:47,440
and they sent it to schrodinger

2598
01:44:51,109 --> 01:44:49,920
so then he got angry and said why are

2599
01:44:53,510 --> 01:44:51,119
you using

2600
01:44:55,109 --> 01:44:53,520
albert's methods to do this theory

2601
01:44:57,109 --> 01:44:55,119
because shredding was working on the

2602
01:44:58,629 --> 01:44:57,119
non-symmetric theory he published

2603
01:45:00,830 --> 01:44:58,639
several papers

2604
01:45:02,390 --> 01:45:00,840
i was in the in the

2605
01:45:03,910 --> 01:45:02,400
um

2606
01:45:08,950 --> 01:45:03,920
i've

2607
01:45:14,950 --> 01:45:11,750
which published papers on

2608
01:45:17,109 --> 01:45:14,960
greek philosophy and all sorts of issues

2609
01:45:20,229 --> 01:45:17,119
and um

2610
01:45:22,790 --> 01:45:20,239
there was a dispute between einstein and

2611
01:45:24,550 --> 01:45:22,800
schweininger it turned out

2612
01:45:26,709 --> 01:45:24,560
uh because

2613
01:45:28,229 --> 01:45:26,719
schroedinger

2614
01:45:31,669 --> 01:45:28,239
was interviewed by

2615
01:45:36,070 --> 01:45:33,910
because of his uh publication for

2616
01:45:37,669 --> 01:45:36,080
unified field theory

2617
01:45:39,590 --> 01:45:37,679
and uh claimed that he had solved the

2618
01:45:41,590 --> 01:45:39,600
problem

2619
01:45:43,189 --> 01:45:41,600
uh but wasn't happy about this because

2620
01:45:45,750 --> 01:45:43,199
he had solved the problem

2621
01:45:48,070 --> 01:45:45,760
so they had this personal dispute

2622
01:45:53,590 --> 01:45:48,080
and paulie had to intervene because they

2623
01:45:59,270 --> 01:45:55,750
poor albert threatened to sue

2624
01:46:00,629 --> 01:45:59,280
schweringer oh yeah

2625
01:46:03,189 --> 01:46:00,639
anyway so

2626
01:46:04,229 --> 01:46:03,199
uh paulie damned things out of kang

2627
01:46:05,270 --> 01:46:04,239
paulie

2628
01:46:06,629 --> 01:46:05,280
famous

2629
01:46:09,830 --> 01:46:06,639
physicist

2630
01:46:12,629 --> 01:46:09,840
uh nobel prize winner and um

2631
01:46:14,790 --> 01:46:12,639
anyway so i saw the atmosphere

2632
01:46:16,470 --> 01:46:14,800
i was interviewed

2633
01:46:19,590 --> 01:46:16,480
in and uh

2634
01:46:21,510 --> 01:46:19,600
so sharing had his way of deriving

2635
01:46:23,990 --> 01:46:21,520
the non-symmetric theory and

2636
01:46:25,350 --> 01:46:24,000
einstein had his way

2637
01:46:27,669 --> 01:46:25,360
doing it

2638
01:46:29,990 --> 01:46:27,679
so training was anxious i wasn't using

2639
01:46:33,510 --> 01:46:30,000
heroin schrodinger's away okay why are

2640
01:46:39,030 --> 01:46:38,149
i i said i i i will do that in future

2641
01:46:41,590 --> 01:46:39,040
and

2642
01:46:44,950 --> 01:46:41,600
i had to be diplomatic

2643
01:46:46,790 --> 01:46:44,960
anyway so back to london

2644
01:46:48,390 --> 01:46:46,800
so the next thing is that schrodinger

2645
01:46:50,629 --> 01:46:48,400
sent a letter

2646
01:46:52,070 --> 01:46:50,639
to the

2647
01:46:54,470 --> 01:46:52,080
people

2648
01:46:55,669 --> 01:46:54,480
in london this department of

2649
01:46:57,990 --> 01:46:55,679
scientific

2650
01:47:00,229 --> 01:46:58,000
research in london

2651
01:47:01,990 --> 01:47:00,239
and uh

2652
01:47:03,430 --> 01:47:02,000
the latter argumentation must have been

2653
01:47:05,990 --> 01:47:03,440
something

2654
01:47:08,390 --> 01:47:06,000
because uh the next thing is i'm sent to

2655
01:47:11,430 --> 01:47:08,400
transit college cambridge to be

2656
01:47:13,270 --> 01:47:11,440
interviewed by dennis sharma

2657
01:47:16,310 --> 01:47:13,280
who was a

2658
01:47:17,590 --> 01:47:16,320
student of paul de iraq

2659
01:47:20,950 --> 01:47:17,600
and uh

2660
01:47:22,709 --> 01:47:20,960
he was a gone fellow of trinity college

2661
01:47:24,709 --> 01:47:22,719
and he was always

2662
01:47:26,550 --> 01:47:24,719
a lecturer at the time at cambridge

2663
01:47:28,070 --> 01:47:26,560
university

2664
01:47:29,270 --> 01:47:28,080
and uh

2665
01:47:31,109 --> 01:47:29,280
so

2666
01:47:33,750 --> 01:47:31,119
i was interviewed by

2667
01:47:36,149 --> 01:47:33,760
sharma in his rooms at trinity

2668
01:47:37,189 --> 01:47:36,159
and after about 20 minutes she said come

2669
01:47:39,350 --> 01:47:37,199
with me

2670
01:47:42,390 --> 01:47:39,360
so we walk across

2671
01:47:45,030 --> 01:47:42,400
the trinity great court in lawrence

2672
01:47:47,510 --> 01:47:45,040
only a dawn can walk on the lawns but i

2673
01:47:49,669 --> 01:47:47,520
was with him i can't eat him

2674
01:47:50,790 --> 01:47:49,679
and otherwise you to walk on the gravel

2675
01:47:53,750 --> 01:47:50,800
path

2676
01:47:55,270 --> 01:47:53,760
and uh taken to the browser's office the

2677
01:47:57,189 --> 01:47:55,280
trinity and

2678
01:47:59,990 --> 01:47:57,199
dennis said this

2679
01:48:02,470 --> 01:48:00,000
gentleman john moffett has to be

2680
01:48:05,669 --> 01:48:02,480
matriculated as a

2681
01:48:07,350 --> 01:48:05,679
phd student at that take

2682
01:48:09,510 --> 01:48:07,360
and this is without an undergraduate

2683
01:48:11,270 --> 01:48:09,520
degree nor master so they looked into

2684
01:48:12,550 --> 01:48:11,280
this person he said he doesn't have any

2685
01:48:15,830 --> 01:48:12,560
degree

2686
01:48:19,030 --> 01:48:15,840
it doesn't matter doesn't matter no okay

2687
01:48:20,709 --> 01:48:19,040
so we're meticulating him and

2688
01:48:23,109 --> 01:48:20,719
yes okay

2689
01:48:23,910 --> 01:48:23,119
all right so that

2690
01:48:26,550 --> 01:48:23,920
so

2691
01:48:28,470 --> 01:48:26,560
i was given the

2692
01:48:36,149 --> 01:48:28,480
supervisor

2693
01:48:37,669 --> 01:48:36,159
and uh i went to see him at st george

2694
01:48:39,270 --> 01:48:37,679
college

2695
01:48:40,790 --> 01:48:39,280
in his rooms

2696
01:48:42,790 --> 01:48:40,800
and he said well you don't have an

2697
01:48:44,790 --> 01:48:42,800
undergraduate degree

2698
01:48:46,390 --> 01:48:44,800
no

2699
01:48:49,030 --> 01:48:46,400
well maybe you should think about taking

2700
01:48:52,149 --> 01:48:49,040
the tripod exams these are the famous

2701
01:48:53,750 --> 01:48:52,159
exams antichrist exams like cambridge

2702
01:48:55,510 --> 01:48:53,760
and something called the mathematics

2703
01:48:58,790 --> 01:48:55,520
tripos

2704
01:49:00,790 --> 01:48:58,800
first part and second part and so on

2705
01:49:01,910 --> 01:49:00,800
and uh

2706
01:49:06,950 --> 01:49:01,920
well i

2707
01:49:14,070 --> 01:49:08,550
somewhat arrogant i should say as a

2708
01:49:15,750 --> 01:49:14,080
young man i fell in like so i said well

2709
01:49:18,070 --> 01:49:15,760
uh

2710
01:49:19,669 --> 01:49:18,080
professor ohio is just

2711
01:49:22,550 --> 01:49:19,679
this is just going to waste my time

2712
01:49:23,590 --> 01:49:22,560
because i know all this okay

2713
01:49:25,830 --> 01:49:23,600
so he

2714
01:49:27,750 --> 01:49:25,840
he looked at me dubiously he went

2715
01:49:30,550 --> 01:49:27,760
through

2716
01:49:32,390 --> 01:49:30,560
the tripos himself he's in his biography

2717
01:49:33,430 --> 01:49:32,400
carl's biography

2718
01:49:36,070 --> 01:49:33,440
he

2719
01:49:38,229 --> 01:49:36,080
had problems with that

2720
01:49:39,350 --> 01:49:38,239
getting through and it was brilliant of

2721
01:49:41,510 --> 01:49:39,360
course but

2722
01:49:42,390 --> 01:49:41,520
there were very hard exams

2723
01:49:44,550 --> 01:49:42,400
and

2724
01:49:46,470 --> 01:49:44,560
so he's probably thought well if i

2725
01:49:48,550 --> 01:49:46,480
entered two of his wises

2726
01:49:49,750 --> 01:49:48,560
this person

2727
01:49:52,229 --> 01:49:49,760
with those

2728
01:49:53,430 --> 01:49:52,239
20 20 21 year old

2729
01:49:56,629 --> 01:49:53,440
you know

2730
01:49:58,550 --> 01:49:56,639
so i can understand his attitude so i

2731
01:50:00,790 --> 01:49:58,560
decided that something should be done

2732
01:50:03,990 --> 01:50:00,800
about this

2733
01:50:05,750 --> 01:50:04,000
so i wrote three papers okay within two

2734
01:50:08,149 --> 01:50:05,760
or three months

2735
01:50:09,750 --> 01:50:08,159
and uh

2736
01:50:12,790 --> 01:50:09,760
submitted it to the presidential

2737
01:50:15,430 --> 01:50:12,800
cambridge philosophical society

2738
01:50:17,350 --> 01:50:15,440
and the first paper was

2739
01:50:20,390 --> 01:50:17,360
very mathematical was a generalization

2740
01:50:21,270 --> 01:50:20,400
of romanian geometry

2741
01:50:23,990 --> 01:50:21,280
and

2742
01:50:25,990 --> 01:50:24,000
the other two were my first modified

2743
01:50:30,149 --> 01:50:26,000
gravity theory

2744
01:50:36,149 --> 01:50:31,189
the

2745
01:50:39,189 --> 01:50:36,159
gravity and electromagnetism

2746
01:50:39,910 --> 01:50:39,199
in my own way okay so i invented this

2747
01:50:41,510 --> 01:50:39,920
way

2748
01:50:43,590 --> 01:50:41,520
no showing a new heinz this is a

2749
01:50:45,189 --> 01:50:43,600
different way of doing it

2750
01:50:46,790 --> 01:50:45,199
and

2751
01:50:49,590 --> 01:50:46,800
they accepted them

2752
01:50:53,750 --> 01:50:51,030
so i mean

2753
01:50:56,550 --> 01:50:53,760
cambridge proceedings as an ancient

2754
01:50:58,310 --> 01:50:56,560
history i mean famous mathematicians and

2755
01:51:01,270 --> 01:50:58,320
my officers were published there

2756
01:51:03,189 --> 01:51:01,280
schrodinger published papers there

2757
01:51:04,390 --> 01:51:03,199
economic act

2758
01:51:07,830 --> 01:51:04,400
so

2759
01:51:09,750 --> 01:51:07,840
i went back to to fred hoyle

2760
01:51:12,070 --> 01:51:09,760
and uh

2761
01:51:13,270 --> 01:51:12,080
i gave him the papers when he sat and

2762
01:51:14,790 --> 01:51:13,280
looked at them

2763
01:51:17,270 --> 01:51:14,800
and he said well

2764
01:51:20,470 --> 01:51:17,280
forget about the tripods exam just

2765
01:51:22,310 --> 01:51:20,480
continue with what you took me

2766
01:51:24,310 --> 01:51:22,320
that was it

2767
01:51:26,870 --> 01:51:24,320
so i

2768
01:51:29,910 --> 01:51:26,880
did my own research

2769
01:51:31,750 --> 01:51:29,920
i went had to go to um

2770
01:51:34,310 --> 01:51:31,760
california

2771
01:51:37,270 --> 01:51:34,320
to do his steady state theory and work

2772
01:51:38,629 --> 01:51:37,280
with fowler william fowler at the

2773
01:51:40,470 --> 01:51:38,639
caltech

2774
01:51:43,669 --> 01:51:40,480
in pasadena

2775
01:51:45,750 --> 01:51:43,679
and uh visit other institutions so i had

2776
01:51:47,589 --> 01:51:45,760
to get another supervisor so i got up to

2777
01:51:49,589 --> 01:51:47,599
salam

2778
01:51:52,390 --> 01:51:49,599
who was

2779
01:51:53,669 --> 01:51:52,400
at that time a lecturer at st john's

2780
01:51:55,750 --> 01:51:53,679
college

2781
01:51:57,990 --> 01:51:55,760
where direct was

2782
01:52:00,310 --> 01:51:58,000
and uh

2783
01:52:03,109 --> 01:52:00,320
i just did my own thing

2784
01:52:04,950 --> 01:52:03,119
i attended two courses i never took any

2785
01:52:06,709 --> 01:52:04,960
exams

2786
01:52:08,950 --> 01:52:06,719
i didn't bother with that

2787
01:52:11,270 --> 01:52:08,960
but i attended a couple of i attended

2788
01:52:13,830 --> 01:52:11,280
your acts course twice

2789
01:52:16,310 --> 01:52:13,840
because it was brilliant and i just

2790
01:52:18,390 --> 01:52:16,320
called him curious i was fascinated by

2791
01:52:20,629 --> 01:52:18,400
my quantum character myself how was

2792
01:52:22,870 --> 01:52:20,639
direct as a teacher as a lecturer very

2793
01:52:24,550 --> 01:52:22,880
good very clear

2794
01:52:26,390 --> 01:52:24,560
excellent

2795
01:52:30,070 --> 01:52:26,400
did he speak much he has a reputation he

2796
01:52:33,750 --> 01:52:30,080
started off with a loud voice

2797
01:52:37,669 --> 01:52:35,510
to make sure that

2798
01:52:39,910 --> 01:52:37,679
he was being heard

2799
01:52:41,430 --> 01:52:39,920
and then even especially in the back of

2800
01:52:43,350 --> 01:52:41,440
the classroom

2801
01:52:45,350 --> 01:52:43,360
a lot of the students attended

2802
01:52:48,390 --> 01:52:45,360
all the graduate students

2803
01:52:50,229 --> 01:52:48,400
research students attended in physics

2804
01:52:53,510 --> 01:52:50,239
because they were famous

2805
01:52:55,910 --> 01:52:53,520
it's based on his book on coin because

2806
01:52:56,950 --> 01:52:55,920
and then his voice would be so more

2807
01:52:59,109 --> 01:52:56,960
muted

2808
01:53:01,109 --> 01:52:59,119
because he realized that

2809
01:53:05,030 --> 01:53:01,119
people were beginning to that the people

2810
01:53:06,629 --> 01:53:05,040
were able to understand his speech

2811
01:53:08,950 --> 01:53:06,639
anyway uh

2812
01:53:14,149 --> 01:53:12,310
i continued my work on general

2813
01:53:15,270 --> 01:53:14,159
relativity i worked on the equations of

2814
01:53:17,430 --> 01:53:15,280
motion

2815
01:53:19,750 --> 01:53:17,440
general relativity it's what's called

2816
01:53:22,229 --> 01:53:19,760
the einstein for hoffman method

2817
01:53:24,629 --> 01:53:22,239
and i wrote in my unified theory

2818
01:53:26,709 --> 01:53:24,639
this was going to be my thesis

2819
01:53:29,830 --> 01:53:26,719
and then i switched

2820
01:53:34,870 --> 01:53:29,840
to particle physics

2821
01:53:36,390 --> 01:53:34,880
because i was already well ahead with uh

2822
01:53:38,149 --> 01:53:36,400
my

2823
01:53:39,669 --> 01:53:38,159
gravity work

2824
01:53:41,270 --> 01:53:39,679
but i started becoming interested in

2825
01:53:42,229 --> 01:53:41,280
particle physics and quantum field

2826
01:53:44,149 --> 01:53:42,239
theory

2827
01:53:45,830 --> 01:53:44,159
so i started going to be quantified

2828
01:53:47,589 --> 01:53:45,840
theory and

2829
01:53:50,070 --> 01:53:47,599
and uh

2830
01:53:51,910 --> 01:53:50,080
by the way in the first year

2831
01:53:54,870 --> 01:53:51,920
as a student there are about six or

2832
01:53:57,109 --> 01:53:54,880
seven of us

2833
01:53:59,510 --> 01:53:57,119
in the math department and got what's

2834
01:54:01,430 --> 01:53:59,520
called bennett street cambridge

2835
01:54:04,070 --> 01:54:01,440
and um

2836
01:54:06,390 --> 01:54:04,080
we had a room where we kind of could

2837
01:54:08,709 --> 01:54:06,400
beat that big room

2838
01:54:11,030 --> 01:54:08,719
and uh

2839
01:54:13,109 --> 01:54:11,040
so after a year we were told to

2840
01:54:15,030 --> 01:54:13,119
give a lecture we had seminars every

2841
01:54:16,550 --> 01:54:15,040
thursday

2842
01:54:17,510 --> 01:54:16,560
and uh

2843
01:54:19,830 --> 01:54:17,520
i had to

2844
01:54:21,830 --> 01:54:19,840
give a seminar on my work which was on

2845
01:54:23,750 --> 01:54:21,840
quantum field theory

2846
01:54:25,669 --> 01:54:23,760
not gravity

2847
01:54:27,589 --> 01:54:25,679
and uh

2848
01:54:28,870 --> 01:54:27,599
i worked on the actual matrix of quantum

2849
01:54:31,910 --> 01:54:28,880
field theory

2850
01:54:33,350 --> 01:54:31,920
and what's called hagg's theorem

2851
01:54:40,070 --> 01:54:33,360
developed by

2852
01:54:42,870 --> 01:54:40,080
a german physicist called hag rudolf hi

2853
01:54:45,750 --> 01:54:42,880
and paulie worked on this

2854
01:54:48,149 --> 01:54:45,760
hack serum at the time of king park

2855
01:54:51,430 --> 01:54:48,159
so i gave this lecture

2856
01:54:54,149 --> 01:54:51,440
and it was fairly original work

2857
01:55:00,390 --> 01:54:56,629
i used um

2858
01:55:01,990 --> 01:55:00,400
notation of freight freight treatment

2859
01:55:03,589 --> 01:55:02,000
um

2860
01:55:05,910 --> 01:55:03,599
american

2861
01:55:07,910 --> 01:55:05,920
quantum field theorist

2862
01:55:09,270 --> 01:55:07,920
in new york university

2863
01:55:11,910 --> 01:55:09,280
published a book

2864
01:55:13,990 --> 01:55:11,920
so i direct and said to me

2865
01:55:16,629 --> 01:55:14,000
asked a question he said what are those

2866
01:55:18,709 --> 01:55:16,639
around brackets

2867
01:55:20,229 --> 01:55:18,719
i said this is what you call bras and

2868
01:55:22,870 --> 01:55:20,239
kits

2869
01:55:23,830 --> 01:55:22,880
the triangular brackets and he said well

2870
01:55:26,149 --> 01:55:23,840
that's

2871
01:55:27,750 --> 01:55:26,159
very interesting he was fascinated by

2872
01:55:32,629 --> 01:55:27,760
this

2873
01:55:33,350 --> 01:55:32,639
professor friedman anyway so

2874
01:55:35,430 --> 01:55:33,360
so

2875
01:55:37,589 --> 01:55:35,440
uh

2876
01:55:39,030 --> 01:55:37,599
three or three of them were

2877
01:55:41,430 --> 01:55:39,040
failed

2878
01:55:43,189 --> 01:55:41,440
it was pretty brutal

2879
01:55:44,870 --> 01:55:43,199
there was no exam we were just to give

2880
01:55:47,189 --> 01:55:44,880
this lecture on original physics

2881
01:55:51,189 --> 01:55:47,199
research and if you didn't make it you

2882
01:55:56,310 --> 01:55:51,199
were out he was sent down from cambridge

2883
01:56:00,950 --> 01:55:57,589
so

2884
01:56:04,149 --> 01:56:00,960
phd in 1958

2885
01:56:06,790 --> 01:56:04,159
during the course of my work

2886
01:56:08,790 --> 01:56:06,800
i met roy carr

2887
01:56:10,709 --> 01:56:08,800
the current metric

2888
01:56:13,510 --> 01:56:10,719
he came in from new zealand

2889
01:56:15,350 --> 01:56:13,520
to be a trinity college where we would

2890
01:56:17,270 --> 01:56:15,360
became friends

2891
01:56:18,950 --> 01:56:17,280
and so he said what should i do i said

2892
01:56:21,910 --> 01:56:18,960
well

2893
01:56:23,990 --> 01:56:21,920
i said what about physics you know

2894
01:56:25,430 --> 01:56:24,000
he was a brilliant mathematician

2895
01:56:28,310 --> 01:56:25,440
i said well do

2896
01:56:29,990 --> 01:56:28,320
gravity general relativity you don't

2897
01:56:31,430 --> 01:56:30,000
have to worry too much about the physics

2898
01:56:33,430 --> 01:56:31,440
at the moment

2899
01:56:35,270 --> 01:56:33,440
because generality was not that well

2900
01:56:38,709 --> 01:56:35,280
developed at this point we're talking

2901
01:56:43,030 --> 01:56:40,870
so even after einstein died general

2902
01:56:45,030 --> 01:56:43,040
relativity wasn't completely developed

2903
01:56:47,109 --> 01:56:45,040
no so the general relativity that we

2904
01:56:49,109 --> 01:56:47,119
learned in university is the fully

2905
01:56:51,430 --> 01:56:49,119
articulated form that einstein didn't

2906
01:56:53,990 --> 01:56:51,440
even put yeah it was being developed

2907
01:56:55,510 --> 01:56:54,000
still being developed and so

2908
01:56:57,350 --> 01:56:55,520
at the time

2909
01:57:00,870 --> 01:56:57,360
and mathematically speaking and there

2910
01:57:03,270 --> 01:57:00,880
was not enough experimental data you see

2911
01:57:06,629 --> 01:57:03,280
uh it was not that cosmology was an

2912
01:57:08,470 --> 01:57:06,639
infancy during my work i wrote a paper

2913
01:57:11,189 --> 01:57:08,480
by einstein an info

2914
01:57:14,070 --> 01:57:11,199
published in 1949

2915
01:57:15,750 --> 01:57:14,080
and uh infel was a police physicist

2916
01:57:19,189 --> 01:57:15,760
more so

2917
01:57:27,990 --> 01:57:23,189
i found a mistake it was wrong

2918
01:57:30,149 --> 01:57:28,000
so i got all the right gripe and i said

2919
01:57:32,070 --> 01:57:30,159
have a look at this i did the

2920
01:57:34,790 --> 01:57:32,080
calculations

2921
01:57:36,790 --> 01:57:34,800
and uh he looked at he said yeah

2922
01:57:37,669 --> 01:57:36,800
you're right it's wrong

2923
01:57:38,470 --> 01:57:37,679
so

2924
01:57:42,470 --> 01:57:38,480
we

2925
01:57:45,030 --> 01:57:42,480
should do something about this

2926
01:57:47,669 --> 01:57:45,040
and because there was a famous paper

2927
01:57:50,390 --> 01:57:47,679
there was a famous photograph of albert

2928
01:57:52,709 --> 01:57:50,400
einstein at the front of the

2929
01:57:53,990 --> 01:57:52,719
in the front of the paper

2930
01:57:55,990 --> 01:57:54,000
that this was it was the canadian

2931
01:57:57,109 --> 01:57:56,000
journal of mathematics to publish the

2932
01:57:59,669 --> 01:57:57,119
paper

2933
01:58:02,070 --> 01:57:59,679
and this photograph was by kash famous

2934
01:58:06,070 --> 01:58:02,080
photographer called kash

2935
01:58:07,910 --> 01:58:06,080
and uh anyway so uh

2936
01:58:09,830 --> 01:58:07,920
we wrote up this paper and sent it to

2937
01:58:10,950 --> 01:58:09,840
physical review

2938
01:58:12,310 --> 01:58:10,960
it was into

2939
01:58:16,070 --> 01:58:12,320
it was uh

2940
01:58:20,629 --> 01:58:17,910
who was one of einstein's assistants

2941
01:58:22,790 --> 01:58:20,639
that needs to do it at one point

2942
01:58:24,310 --> 01:58:22,800
uh he was editor one of the editors of

2943
01:58:26,070 --> 01:58:24,320
physical review

2944
01:58:28,070 --> 01:58:26,080
and he wrote back saying you can't we

2945
01:58:29,430 --> 01:58:28,080
can't publish this paper

2946
01:58:30,790 --> 01:58:29,440
because it's uh

2947
01:58:32,830 --> 01:58:30,800
best marks

2948
01:58:37,350 --> 01:58:32,840
the reputation of

2949
01:58:40,790 --> 01:58:37,360
famous physicist albert einstein

2950
01:58:43,669 --> 01:58:40,800
so i got upset about that

2951
01:58:47,830 --> 01:58:46,390
i i was kind of angry about that i i was

2952
01:58:50,310 --> 01:58:47,840
at the version of leaving physics like

2953
01:58:53,350 --> 01:58:50,320
that i can't deal with this you know

2954
01:58:55,430 --> 01:58:53,360
so because you have

2955
01:58:56,950 --> 01:58:55,440
responsibility for posterity younger

2956
01:58:59,589 --> 01:58:56,960
physicists who

2957
01:59:01,589 --> 01:58:59,599
can use this work

2958
01:59:04,390 --> 01:59:01,599
so

2959
01:59:07,910 --> 01:59:04,400
i got my phd

2960
01:59:08,629 --> 01:59:07,920
uh they were not happy if i'm i put this

2961
01:59:14,310 --> 01:59:08,639
i

2962
01:59:17,030 --> 01:59:14,320
okay

2963
01:59:18,550 --> 01:59:17,040
and wrote a paper and i put it into my

2964
01:59:20,310 --> 01:59:18,560
phd thesis

2965
01:59:23,109 --> 01:59:20,320
and my examiners were

2966
01:59:24,950 --> 01:59:23,119
not entirely happy about this

2967
01:59:26,950 --> 01:59:24,960
and uh but there wasn't anything they

2968
01:59:28,470 --> 01:59:26,960
could do about it

2969
01:59:31,109 --> 01:59:28,480
so

2970
01:59:35,510 --> 01:59:31,119
uh

2971
01:59:38,229 --> 01:59:35,520
eventually i got my phd without an

2972
01:59:40,310 --> 01:59:38,239
undergraduate degree by the way i was

2973
01:59:42,149 --> 01:59:40,320
i think the one at that time

2974
01:59:43,669 --> 01:59:42,159
maybe still

2975
01:59:46,550 --> 01:59:43,679
the only

2976
01:59:50,390 --> 01:59:46,560
student at trinity to get a phd

2977
01:59:55,270 --> 01:59:51,669
i think

2978
01:59:58,950 --> 01:59:55,280
in theoretical physics anyway i know

2979
02:00:01,910 --> 01:59:58,960
maybe that's still true i don't but um

2980
02:00:04,229 --> 02:00:01,920
um it's always fairly unique

2981
02:00:05,750 --> 02:00:04,239
these examples weren't happy about that

2982
02:00:09,750 --> 02:00:05,760
either of course

2983
02:00:11,990 --> 02:00:09,760
because they had this guinea pig okay

2984
02:00:13,990 --> 02:00:12,000
so to speak who was going through this

2985
02:00:18,149 --> 02:00:14,000
system in cambridge

2986
02:00:20,390 --> 02:00:18,159
it is impossible to do this okay well

2987
02:00:21,270 --> 02:00:20,400
i did it

2988
02:00:22,950 --> 02:00:21,280
so

2989
02:00:26,229 --> 02:00:22,960
uh

2990
02:00:28,070 --> 02:00:26,239
then i got a fellowship from the same

2991
02:00:29,510 --> 02:00:28,080
department industrial scientific

2992
02:00:33,830 --> 02:00:29,520
industrial research

2993
02:00:38,070 --> 02:00:35,669
to a two-year fellowship

2994
02:00:40,390 --> 02:00:38,080
that's why i went to imperial college

2995
02:00:42,149 --> 02:00:40,400
in the meantime after salaam

2996
02:00:43,750 --> 02:00:42,159
was made professor at imperial college

2997
02:00:46,149 --> 02:00:43,760
london

2998
02:00:48,149 --> 02:00:46,159
and here i was i was putting an office

2999
02:00:51,189 --> 02:00:48,159
meet to his office

3000
02:00:52,310 --> 02:00:51,199
i was his first postdoctoral fellow

3001
02:00:56,229 --> 02:00:52,320
and

3002
02:00:57,350 --> 02:00:56,239
field theory

3003
02:00:59,830 --> 02:00:57,360
and uh

3004
02:01:01,189 --> 02:00:59,840
but uh i was worrying about getting a

3005
02:01:04,629 --> 02:01:01,199
job

3006
02:01:07,589 --> 02:01:04,639
at this point i was married

3007
02:01:10,629 --> 02:01:09,270
so i i

3008
02:01:11,589 --> 02:01:10,639
got ahold of

3009
02:01:14,229 --> 02:01:11,599
my um

3010
02:01:17,430 --> 02:01:14,239
correspondent john wheeler prince

3011
02:01:19,750 --> 02:01:17,440
and he suggested apply for childhood an

3012
02:01:22,310 --> 02:01:19,760
institute for research in baltimore

3013
02:01:23,589 --> 02:01:22,320
maryland which i did they offered me a

3014
02:01:26,470 --> 02:01:23,599
job

3015
02:01:28,629 --> 02:01:26,480
so i went there in 1959

3016
02:01:30,470 --> 02:01:28,639
and

3017
02:01:32,950 --> 02:01:30,480
was at this institute

3018
02:01:34,709 --> 02:01:32,960
i was a senior researcher there

3019
02:01:38,149 --> 02:01:34,719
i was doing particle physics and field

3020
02:01:40,149 --> 02:01:38,159
theory they also had a math department

3021
02:01:43,109 --> 02:01:40,159
and uh

3022
02:01:44,870 --> 02:01:43,119
salmonella schliches was the director of

3023
02:01:46,790 --> 02:01:44,880
the mass the famous night's most

3024
02:01:49,589 --> 02:01:46,800
institute there

3025
02:01:54,629 --> 02:01:51,510
then uh

3026
02:02:00,229 --> 02:01:58,310
i published papers in particle physics

3027
02:02:02,149 --> 02:02:00,239
um

3028
02:02:05,830 --> 02:02:02,159
published a lot of papers rapidly in

3029
02:02:06,790 --> 02:02:05,840
physics particle physics

3030
02:02:08,870 --> 02:02:06,800
then i

3031
02:02:10,629 --> 02:02:08,880
was offered a job at university of

3032
02:02:14,229 --> 02:02:10,639
toronto

3033
02:02:16,229 --> 02:02:14,239
as an associate professor already

3034
02:02:19,030 --> 02:02:16,239
with the promise of being my full

3035
02:02:21,430 --> 02:02:19,040
professor within a couple of years which

3036
02:02:23,189 --> 02:02:21,440
again is very unusual

3037
02:02:24,860 --> 02:02:23,199
and

3038
02:02:27,030 --> 02:02:24,870
i got a job there

3039
02:02:30,070 --> 02:02:27,040
[Music]

3040
02:02:32,390 --> 02:02:30,080
had to do teaching full-time teaching

3041
02:02:33,669 --> 02:02:32,400
so i started teaching undergraduate

3042
02:02:35,270 --> 02:02:33,679
courses

3043
02:02:37,350 --> 02:02:35,280
and i'd never i'd never attended

3044
02:02:39,990 --> 02:02:37,360
undergraduate courses

3045
02:02:40,950 --> 02:02:40,000
but i did okay

3046
02:02:45,510 --> 02:02:40,960
and

3047
02:02:55,510 --> 02:02:45,520
[Music]

3048
02:02:58,830 --> 02:02:57,589
do you know who ryan keating is he's an

3049
02:03:00,709 --> 02:02:58,840
experimental

3050
02:03:03,510 --> 02:03:00,719
physicist uh

3051
02:03:04,870 --> 02:03:03,520
yeah i read his book oh how to lose

3052
02:03:05,910 --> 02:03:04,880
nobel prize